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Élie Metchnikoff (born May 16, 1845, near Kharkov, Ukraine, Russian Empire [now Kharkiv, Ukraine]—died July 16, 1916, Paris, France) was a Russian-born zoologist and microbiologist who received (with Paul Ehrlich) the 1908 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for his discovery in animals of amoeba-like cells that engulf foreign bodies such as bacteria—a phenomenon known as phagocytosis and a fundamental part of the immune response. Metchnikoff received his bachelor’s degree from the University of Kharkov...