Eleonora Duse

Eleonora Duse (born Oct. 3, 1858, near or in Vigevano, Lombardy, Austrian Empire [now in Italy]—died April 21, 1924, Pittsburgh, Pa., U.S.) was an Italian actress who found her great interpretive roles in the heroines of the Italian playwright Gabriele D’Annunzio and of the Norwegian playwright Henrik Ibsen.

Most of Duse’s family were actors who played in the same touring troupe, and she made her first stage appearance at the age of four in a dramatization of Victor Hugo’s Les Misérables. By the age of 14, when she played Juliet at Verona, her talents were already being recognized by critics; but after her family died she moved from one company to another, without a great deal of success, until her appearance at Naples in 1878. This marked the turning point of her career. Her performance there of the title role in Émile Zola’s Thérèse Raquin won great acclaim, with audiences and critics united in the opinion that a woman’s anguish had never before been played with such truth.

In 1882 Duse took an opportunity to watch Sarah Bernhardt perform. The French actress’s success in modern roles gave Duse the idea also of appearing in plays by contemporary French dramatists (for she had discovered that Italian audiences were bored by the stale pieces that formed the traditional repertory), and so for three years she acted in a number of plays by the younger Alexandre Dumas. The first of these was Lionette in La Princesse de Bagdad, in which she scored a triumph. She followed it up with Cesarine in La Femme de Claude. In 1884 she created the title role of Dumas’s latest play, Denise, and also the part of Santuzza in Giovanni Verga’s Cavalleria rusticana. With Cesare Rossi, a prominent actor-manager, she toured South America in 1885, but after her return to Italy she formed her own company, the Drama Company of the City of Rome, and with it toured throughout Europe as well as the United States.

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In 1894 she met and fell in love with a rising young poet, Gabriele D’Annunzio; she financed his career, and he wrote for her a number of plays. D’Annunzio told the story of their love in his novel Il fuoco (1900; The Flame of Life). Aside from D’Annunzio’s plays, Duse found an inexhaustible source of self-expression in the dramas of Ibsen. She never tired of playing Nora in A Doll’s House, Rebecca West in Rosmersholm, Ella Rentheim in John Gabriel Borkman, and, above all, Ellida in The Lady from the Sea. To the title role in Hedda Gabler she brought a demonic quality, a touch of the fantastic—deeply troubling to Ibsen when he saw her perform it—as though she had gone beyond the frontiers of realism.

The British playwright George Bernard Shaw was one of the many critics fascinated by Duse’s ability to produce an illusion “of being infinite in variety of beautiful pose and motion.” He confessed that “in an apparent million of changes and inflexions” he had never seen her at an “awkward angle” (Dramatic Opinions and Essays, 1907). She had a thousand faces; her physical command, range, and choice of gesture were superb; and she had a different way of walking for each part. Yet the total effect was of more than “naturalistic” acting: Duse acted not only the reality, she also commented on the characters she played—she “knew” far more about Nora, for instance, than Ibsen’s heroine could possibly have known about herself. One of her critics wrote that Duse played what was between the lines; she played the transitions. A tremor of her lips could reveal exactly what went on in her mind; and, where the character’s inner life was lacking, because the dramatist had failed his task, she supplied motivation herself. To watch her was to read a psychological novel.

In 1909 Duse quit the stage, mainly for reasons of health. Financial losses incurred during World War I, however, obliged her to emerge from retirement in 1921. Her acting powers were undiminished, but her health was still not good and interfered with her late career. In 1923 she appeared in London and Vienna before she embarked upon her last tour of the United States. The tour ended in Pittsburgh, where she collapsed. Her body was taken back to Italy, and, in compliance with her request, she was buried there in the small cemetery of Asolo.

The most fluent and expressive actress of her day, Eleonora Duse created afresh every role she played and was different in each of them. Her gift was in marked contrast to the talented contemporary star of the French theatre, Sarah Bernhardt, a great technician who always strove to project her own personality from the stage, whatever character she might be playing.

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