Ehud Barak

Ehud Barak (born February 12, 1942, Mishmar HaSharon kibbutz, Palestine [now in northern Israel]) is an Israeli general—the most decorated soldier in Israeli history at the time of his retirement in 1995—and a politician who as prime minister of Israel (1999–2001) attempted to revive and finalize a stalled peace process with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. His inability to balance the demands of the Israeli right with those of Arafat and the Palestinians led to a rapid breakdown in the negotiations and ostensibly to the outbreak of the second intifada (Palestinian uprising; 2000–05). Unable to manage the crisis, he announced his resignation in December 2000 and called for new elections, in which he was handily defeated. He later served as minister of defense under the centrist government of Ehud Olmert (2007–09) and the center-right government of Benjamin Netanyahu (2009–13).

Early life, military career, and education

Barak was born in a kibbutz that had been founded by his father, an emigrant from Lithuania, in 1932. Barak was drafted into the Israel Defense Forces in 1959, thus beginning a distinguished military career (he changed his name at this time). He was a commander in battles in the Six-Day War (1967) and the Yom Kippur War (1973) but became especially known as the leader of special forces units that conducted commando raids. These included a group of soldiers (with Benjamin Netanyahu among them) who stormed an airliner hijacked by Palestinian guerrillas at Lod International Airport (now Ben Gurion International Airport) near Tel Aviv in 1972, freeing all the hostages. Barak served as head of military intelligence, and in 1991 he became chief of General Staff. In 1994 he participated in the negotiations that resulted in a peace accord with Jordan. When he retired in 1995 as a lieutenant general, the army’s highest rank, he was the most decorated soldier in Israeli history.

Barak had received a B.Sc. degree in physics and mathematics from Hebrew University of Jerusalem (1968) and an M.S. degree in economic engineering systems from Stanford University in California (1978).

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Entrance into politics and premiership

He turned his attention to politics in the mid-1990s. Under Labour governments he was minister of the interior in 1995 and minister of foreign affairs in 1995–96. He was elected to the Knesset (Israeli parliament) in May 1996. In June 1997 he became head of the Labour Party and two years later ran for prime minister under the coalition One Israel, which included Labour as well as the Gesher Party and Meimad, the latter a spin-off of the National Religious Party. Barak emphasized economic and other domestic issues, including education and health services, as well as relations with the Palestinians and with Syria and Lebanon. The withdrawal of minor candidates late in the campaign allowed a face-off between incumbent Netanyahu, of the ruling Likud party, and Barak. On May 17, 1999, Barak won an easy victory with slightly more than 56 percent of the popular vote. At the same time, smaller parties increased their seats in the Knesset. The election results were seen as a turning away from the hard-line policies, particularly in relations with the Palestinians, pursued by Netanyahu.

As prime minister, Barak pledged to establish peace in the Middle East, and in September 1999 he reactivated the Oslo Accords peace process with Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat. The two leaders signed a deal that called for the creation of a final peace accord by September 2000 as well as the transfer of more Israeli-occupied territory in the West Bank to Palestinian control. In December 1999, Barak resumed peace talks with Syria after more than three years of deadlock, and he also ended Israeli’s 17-year occupation of southern Lebanon.

Beginning in the summer of 2000, however, Barak faced a series of crises. In July, just before he was set to meet Arafat at Camp David, three parties quit his coalition in protest of the concessions he was set to offer the Palestinian delegation, which included sharing East Jerusalem. Later that month he narrowly won a vote of confidence in the Knesset. In September the leader of the opposition, Ariel Sharon, visited the Temple Mount in the Old City of Jerusalem, sparking a Palestinian uprising (intifada) over the Israeli right’s refusal to negotiate the future of Jerusalem. Barak met with Arafat, but the resulting ceasefire agreement was all but ignored and the Oslo peace process came to a virtual end. In December 2000 Barak resigned as prime minister, and a new election was slated for February 2001. Barak ran for reelection but was criticized by many Israelis for his inability to halt the violence and for allegedly making too many concessions during the peace talks. At the polls, they overwhelming cast their ballots for Sharon. After receiving only 37 percent of the vote, Barak announced his resignation both as Labour leader and as a member of the Knesset.

Role as minister of defense

In 2007 Barak staged a political comeback as he was reelected leader of the Labour Party. Soon after, he became defense minister and deputy prime minister, positions he also held under the Netanyahu administration that took power in March 2009.

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In January 2011 Barak announced that he would leave the Labour Party and, along with four other Labour members of the Knesset, form a breakaway party, Atzmaut (“Independence”), that was expected to remain in Netanyahu’s ruling coalition. The Labour Party—a key member of the coalition—had been in the grips of a struggle: members who were critical of the government’s handling of the peace process pushed for the party to leave the coalition, while the Barak-led faction was generally supportive of the Netanyahu government. Barak’s realignment was seen as a boost for the ruling coalition since it created a more stable, albeit smaller, majority, insulated from the threats of critics in the Labour Party.

In November 2012 Barak announced his retirement from politics. He said that he would remain in his posts as deputy prime minister and minister of defense until a new cabinet could be formed following elections scheduled for January 2013. He officially left government two months later.

Later political involvement

In 2018 Barak became chairman of the biomedical firm InterCure after being approached by the company to help grow its medical cannabis subsidiary, Canndoc. Israel was among the leading countries in the research and development of medical cannabis, and public support for the expansion of the cannabis industry was growing increasingly salient. In January 2019 the government approved the export of medical-grade marijuana. Meanwhile, a new pro-cannabis party was anticipated to be a likely kingmaker after elections in the spring, though it ultimately fell short of the electoral threshold to enter the Knesset.

Though the results of those elections favored a right-wing government, they failed to produce a ruling coalition, and a new set of elections were called for September. In June Barak announced a return to politics in an effort to garner additional support for a center-left coalition, and in July he joined the 10th slot on a list led by the left-wing Meretz party. The list won only five seats, however, and he was not returned to the Knesset.

During the Israel-Hamas War Barak was highly critical of Netanyahu. Just days after the October 7 attack he blasted Netanyahu for failing to prevent the assault and warned that Netanyahu’s war objective of destroying Hamas was too ambiguous to be practical. When the final hostages were released in October 2025 Barak wrote an opinion piece for Time magazine in which he characterized Netanyahu’s handling of the war as reckless and credited the release of hostages to the intervention of U.S. Pres. Donald Trump.

After the arrest of Jeffrey Epstein in 2019 on charges of sex trafficking of minors, Barak faced immediate scrutiny for his ties to the financier, although he denied knowledge of Epstein’s sex trafficking. In 2020 Alan Dershowitz filed a defamation suit against Virginia Giuffre, one of Epstein’s principal accusers; the court filing revealed that Giuffre had accused Barak of abusing her in a deposition she gave years earlier.

Barak’s memoir, My Country, My Life: Fighting for Israel, Searching for Peace, was published in 2018.