Eduardo Kac

Eduardo Kac (born July 3, 1962, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) is a Brazilian American artist who is best known for his works featuring genetically altered organisms in ways that frequently had conceptual or symbolic import. He termed these endeavours “bio art” or “transgenic art.”

Kac began staging performance art pieces in Rio de Janeiro as a teenager. He frequented the city’s beaches and, especially, Cinelandia, a square that served as a hub of bohemian activity. There Kac would declaim pornographically inspired poetry, often wearing only a pink miniskirt. During that period he also experimented with other forms of poetry, graffiti, and multimedia art.

Kac began investigating the use of holograms as a medium for poetic expression, and in 1983 he published his first “holopoem,” “Holo/Olho” (“Holo/Eye”), which rendered the words of the title in holographic text that shifted as the viewer changed position. The next year, he debuted a digital poem, “Não!” (“No!”), which comprised a block of text that scrolled across an LED display. Kac created a number of other holopoems and digital poems, some of them more elaborate. He also made his first forays into art transmitted via Minitel, a videotext precursor to the Internet. He received a bachelor of arts degree from the School of Communications at the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro in 1985.

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In 1986 Kac debuted what he dubbed a “telepresence” work, a radio-controlled robot that served as a transmission system for conversations between viewers and a remote operator. While at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago (M.F.A., 1990), Kac began a collaborative telepresence work, Ornitorrinco (“Platypus”). It involved the remote manipulation of a robot, first by telephone signal (1989) and eventually through the use of the Internet (1994). In 1996 Kac created another telepresence work, Rara Avis, which consisted of a robotic bird with a camera inside that was positioned in an aviary with live zebra finches. Visitors to the exhibit could don a headset connected to the camera and experience the view inside the aviary.

Time Capsule, a combination of performance and conceptual art, was staged in 1997 in São Paulo. The piece centred on the injection into Kac’s leg of a microchip normally used to track pets; he registered himself in the tracking company’s database. That year he became an assistant professor at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago.

Increasingly preoccupied with the corporeal and visceral, Kac in 1998 first suggested the possibility of transgenic art with an article on a theoretical genetically engineered fluorescent dog. Though the creation of a glowing canine was ultimately infeasible, in 1999 Kac debuted Genesis, a work that represented his first foray into actual bio art. He translated a passage from the Christian Bible into Morse Code and then into the four-letter code that represented the base pairs of DNA. He commissioned the creation of synthetic DNA using that sequence, and it was injected into bacteria, images of which were projected onto a gallery wall.

In 2000 Kac premiered what would become his best-known and most-controversial work, GFP Bunny. Again mixing conceptual and performance art, Kac centred the project on a rabbit engineered to express the green fluorescent protein (GFP) from the jellyfish Aequoria victoria. The animal, named Alba by Kac and his family, was seen by the public only in photographs. Though Kac claimed to have commissioned the rabbit, the French National Agronomic Institute (INRA), which owned it, had actually, of its own volition, created multiple rabbits that expressed the protein. GFP was a common tool in cellular research; cells of a certain type could be engineered to express the protein and thus would be more easily visible. And, though Kac promoted images that suggested that the animal glowed a uniform green, in fact only its living tissue glowed green under blue light of a certain wavelength (meaning that its fur would not glow). INRA ultimately refused to give the rabbit to Kac, a turn of events that the artist used to further promote the project through several shows centred on “freeing Alba.” GFP Bunny was, Kac claimed, the provocation of the controversy, rather than the rabbit itself. Debate did indeed ensue; though many questioned the ethics of using genetically modified organisms in art, some applauded the initiation of a dialogue on the subject.

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In 2001 Kac exhibited a project that consisted of a collection of transgenic animals contained in an acrylic dome. Two years later he began another transgenic project, which involved the insertion of a sequence of his own DNA into the genes that coded for the veins in a petunia flower. He dubbed the resulting plant—engineered by a botanist at the University of Minnesota—“Edunia” and made it the centre of a new installation, Natural History of the Enigma (2009).

Kac’s various projects toured widely, and he frequently lectured and wrote about the theoretical foundations of his work. Among his publications were the essay collection Telepresence and Bio Art: Networking Humans, Rabbits, & Robots (2005) and the poetry compilation Hodibis Potax (2007). His artist’s book Escracho (1983) became part of the permanent collection of the Museum of Modern Art in New York City.

Kac’s later works often involved bringing art into space. These projects included Inner Telescope (2017), an artwork that French astronaut Thomas Pesquet made following Kac’s instructions. At the International Space Station (ISS), Pesquet used only paper and scissors to create a sculpture that resembled the letters that spell moi, French for “me.” The piece Adsum (2019), a glass cube engraved with a typeface of Kac’s own invention, was flown to the ISS in 2022.