Claude Lanzmann

Claude Lanzmann (born November 27, 1925, Paris, France—died July 5, 2018, Paris) was a French journalist, writer, and film director best known for his film Shoah (1985), a nine-and-a-half-hour documentary on the Holocaust. Lanzmann wrote and directed several films on the Holocaust and Israel, using firsthand interviews to construct his narratives. As a journalist, he became known for his particularly strong views regarding the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Lanzmann was born into a secular Jewish family and was a young child when Adolf Hitler came to power in Germany. While a teenager in boarding school during World War II, Lanzmann joined the French Resistance and fought against the Nazis. His entire family survived the war. When the war was over, he studied philosophy at the University of Tübingen and then moved to Berlin to teach at the Free University. There he began his career in journalism by writing a series of articles for the noted French daily newspaper Le Monde about the persistence of Nazism.

The year 1952 was a pivotal one for Lanzmann: he met Jean-Paul Sartre and Simone de Beauvoir, and he visited Israel for the first time. He became passionate about the young state of Israel and also began a love affair with de Beauvoir. Sartre had seen Lanzmann’s articles in Le Monde and invited him to get involved with his own left-wing review, Les Temps Modernes. Lanzmann eventually became its editor in chief.

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Lanzmann’s first film, Israel, Why—a collection of in-depth interviews that offer a glimpse of the state 25 years after its establishment—was released in 1973. That film was the stepping-stone to Shoah, his most-acclaimed work. After Israel, Why was released, the Foreign Ministry in Israel asked him to create a film on the Holocaust. The film consumed the next 11 years of his life. Perhaps the most-notable aspect of Shoah is that, in nine-and-a-half hours, there is no use of archival footage of the war or the concentration camps. It constitutes rather an oral history, an assemblage of interviews with survivors, bystanders, and those who aided the Nazi effort to exterminate the Jews. Those deeply personal firsthand descriptions were unlike any previous account of the Holocaust. In some cases, Lanzmann had his interviewees reenact their experiences. He also resorted to deception in order to attain interviews with those unwilling to participate, sometimes employing a fake identity or using a hidden camera. Along with the film’s release, Lanzmann published Shoah: An Oral History of the Holocaust (1985), a complete transcript of the interviews.

Lanzmann relied on the same method of in-depth interviewing for his other major films: Tsahal (1994), interviews with soldiers and civilians about the Israeli army; Sobibor: October 14, 1943, 4 pm (2001), an interview with Yehuda Lerner, who took part in a successful uprising in the Sobibor extermination camp; and The Last of the Unjust (2013), a 1975 interview with Benjamin Murmelstein (1905–89), a rabbi and Jewish leader at Theresienstadt who was working for the Nazis under Adolph Eichmann. Theresienstadt, a stopping point for Jews who would eventually be sent to death camps, was meant to be the “model” ghetto to the outside world and to always appear like a normal city. As a leader of the ghetto’s Jewish Council, it was Murmelstein’s job to enforce this facade of health and happiness, and in this way he was able to extend or save lives. Lanzmann’s three-and-a-half-hour film presents the complexity of Murmelstein’s position as an aide to Eichmann.

Lanzmann continued to make films in the late 2010s. In Napalm (2017) he shifted his subject to North Korea, visiting the reclusive country and recounting a prior stay there during the late 1950s after the Korean War; he had previously described some of the story in his 2012 memoir, The Patagonian Hare. The documentary, like Lanzmann’s earlier films, considers the toll of war through civilian stories. He then directed the four-part television series The Four Sisters (2018), which features harrowing interviews with four Holocaust survivors that had been cut from Shoah.

Lanzmann’s films and methods inspired a wellspring of criticism and academic literature. Many criticized the narrow focus of Shoah, which neglected to discuss the underlying tenets of Nazi ideology and made no mention of the Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union or the persecution and execution of non-Jews throughout Europe. Despite the criticism, Lanzmann was praised as a pioneer for his extensive use of interviewing as a cinematic technique and for his enormous contribution to documentary filmmaking.

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