Charles Thomas Maillard de Tournon

Charles Thomas Maillard de Tournon (born Dec. 21, 1668, Turin, Italy—died June 8, 1710, Macau, China) was a papal legate sent to the Chinese court to settle the rites controversy, which concerned the legitimacy of considering Confucianism an ethical system, not a religion—a position the Jesuits had taken in China so that Chinese Christians could continue to observe Confucian rites. Under the Kangxi emperor, Jesuits attained high positions at the Chinese court and made many influential converts. As a result, de Tournon was received by the emperor with unprecedented ceremony and cordiality. But when de Tournon proved inflexible and even discourteous in his attitude toward Christian practice in China, he was expelled to the Portuguese settlement at Macau, where he ran afoul of Portuguese authorities.