• Ethics
• biblical literature

  / The modern period
• Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi
• Niccolò Machiavelli

  / Legacy
• Stoicism

  / Revival of Stoicism in modern times

• Berthold Auerbach
• Louis II de Bourbon, 4 prince de Condé
• education

  / The new scientism and rationalism
• Gustave Flaubert

  / Mature career
• Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von Schelling

  / Early life and career
• Albert Verwey

• Western philosophy

  / The rationalism of Spinoza and Leibniz
• ethics

  / Spinoza
• immortality
• intuition
• Judaism

  / Benedict de Spinoza
• political philosophy

  / Spinoza

• Netherlands

  / Culture
• Judaism

  / The new situation

Works of Spinoza

Recommended translations are Benedict de Spinoza, The Collected Works of Spinoza, vol. 1, ed. and trans. by Edwin Curley (1985), The Ethics; Treatise on the Emendation of the Intellect; Selected Letters, trans. by Samuel Shirley, 2nd ed. (1992), Theological-Political Treatise, trans. by Samuel Shirley, 2nd ed. (2001), and The Chief Works of Benedict de Spinoza, 2 vol., trans. by R.H.M. Elwes (1883–84, reprinted 1955).

General studies

Spinoza’s life and philosophy are discussed in Henry E. Allison, Benedict de Spinoza: An Introduction, rev. ed. (1987); Alan Donagan, Spinoza (1989); Steven Nadler, Spinoza: A Life (1999); and Frederick Pollock, Spinoza: His Life and Philosophy, 2nd ed. (1899, reissued 1966).

Anthologies

Essays on various aspects of Spinoza’s philosophy are presented in Edwin Curley and Pierre-François Moreau (eds.), Spinoza: Issues and Directions (1990); Don Garrett (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Spinoza (1996); Marjorie Grene (ed.), Spinoza: A Collection of Critical Essays (1973); and Harry Austryn Wolfson, The Philosophy of Spinoza, 2 vol. (1934; reissued 2 vol. in 1, 1983).

Special topics

Jonathan Bennett, A Study of Spinoza’s Ethics (1984); Edwin Curley, Behind the Geometrical Method: A Reading of Spinoza’s Ethics (1988); James Collins, Spinoza on Nature (1984); Marjorie Grene and Debra Nails (eds.), Spinoza and the Sciences (1986); Jonathan I. Israel, Asa Kasher, and Shlomo Biderman, “Why Was Baruch de Spinoza Excommunicated?” in David S. Katz and Jonathan I. Israel (eds.), Sceptics, Millenarians, and Jews (1990), pp. 98–141; Thomas Carson Mark, Spinoza’s Theory of Truth (1972); Heidi M. Ravven and Lenn E. Goodman (eds.), Jewish Themes in Spinoza’s Philosophy (2002); and Yirmiyahu Yovel, Spinoza and Other Heretics, 2 vol. (1989).