Aristotle: References & Edit History
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Additional Reading
General works
Good introductory studies of Aristotle’s thought include J.L. Ackrill, Aristotle the Philosopher (1981, reprinted 1986); Jonathan Barnes, Aristotle (1982, reissued 1996; also published as Aristotle: A Very Short Introduction, 2000); and W.D. Ross, Aristotle, 6th ed. (1995). Two of the most influential books on Aristotle written in the 20th century are Werner W. Jaeger, Aristotle: Fundamentals of the History of His Development, 2nd ed. (1948, reissued 1968; originally published in German, 1923); and Harold Cherniss, Aristotle’s Criticism of Plato and the Academy (1944, reissued 1962).
Most scholarly work on Aristotle appears in articles rather than in books. Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Aristotle (1995), is a useful anthology with an extensive bibliography. The proceedings of the triennial Symposium Aristotelicum contain some of the most up-to-date work.
Life
The best general discussions of Aristotle’s life are Ingemar Düring, Aristotle in the Ancient Biographical Tradition (1957, reprinted 1987); and Carlo Natali, Aristotle: His Life and School, ed. by D.S. Hutchinson (2013). The Lyceum is the subject of John Patrick Lynch, Aristotle’s School: A Study of a Greek Educational Institution (1972); and Paul Moraux, Der Aristotelismus bei den Griechen: Von Andronikos bis Alexander von Aphrodisias, 2 vol. (1973– ).
Doctrines
Logic
The classic study of Aristotle’s syllogistic is Jan Łukasiewicz, Aristotle’s Syllogistic from the Standpoint of Modern Formal Logic, 2nd ed. enlarged (1957, reprinted 1987); and the standard work is Günther Patzig, Aristotle’s Theory of the Syllogism: A Logico-Philological Study of Book “A” of the “Prior Analytics” (1969; originally published in German, 2nd ed. 1963). William Kneale and Martha Kneale, The Development of Logic (1962, reprinted 1984), contains a comprehensive discussion of syllogistic.
Aristotle’s ideas on modal logic are discussed in Jaakko Hintikka, Time & Necessity: Studies in Aristotle’s Theory of Modality (1973); and Sarah Waterlow, Passage and Possibility: A Study of Aristotle’s Modal Concepts (1982). The connection between Aristotle’s logic and his scientific methodology is the subject of J.M. Le Blond, Logique et méthode chez Aristote: étude sur la recherche des principes dans la physique aristotélicienne, 4th ed. (1996).
Biology and zoology
D’Arcy Wentworth Thompson, On Aristotle as a Biologist (1913), is still worth consulting. Also of interest is Pierre Pellegrin, Aristotle’s Classification of Animals: Biology and Conceptual Unity of the Aristotelian Corpus, trans. from the French by Anthony Preus (1986).
Physics and metaphysics
The standard introduction to the Physics is Auguste Mansion, Introduction à la physique aristotélicienne, 2nd rev. ed. (1946, reissued 1987). Among the most stimulating studies are Richard Sorabji, Necessity, Cause, and Blame: Perspectives on Aristotle’s Theory (1980), Time, Creation, and the Continuum: Theories in Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (1983, reissued 1986), and Matter, Space, and Motion: Theories in Antiquity and Their Sequel (1988, reissued 1992); and Sarah Waterlow, Nature, Change, and Agency in Aristotle’s “Physics” (1982, reissued 1988).
Studies of special aspects of Aristotle’s metaphysics include Terence Irwin, Aristotle’s First Principles (1988, reissued 1990); and R.J. Hankinson, Cause and Explanation in Ancient Greek Thought (1998).
Psychology and philosophy of mind
Franz Brentano, The Psychology of Aristotle: In Particular His Doctrine of the Active Intellect, ed. and trans. from the German by Rolf George (1977), remains one of the most valuable works in this area. The standard study of the development of Aristotle’s views on the soul is François Nuyens, L’Évolution de la psychologie d’Aristote (1948, reissued 1973).
Among more recent works are Edwin Hartman, Substance, Body, and Soul: Aristotelian Investigations (1977); and David Charles, Aristotle’s Philosophy of Action (1984). Many valuable articles are collected in Martha C. Nussbaum and Amélie Oksenberg Rorty (eds.), Essays on Aristotle’s De anima (1992, reissued 1997).
Ethics
Amélie Oksenberg Rorty (ed.), Essays on Aristotle’s “Ethics” (1980, reissued 1996), is a valuable collection. John M. Cooper, Reason and Human Good in Aristotle (1975, reprinted 1986), is an important study. Also of interest are Richard Kraut, Aristotle on the Human Good (1989); Anthony Kenny, The Aristotelian Ethics: A Study of the Relationship Between the Eudemian and Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle (1978), Aristotle’s Theory of the Will (1979), and Aristotle on the Perfect Life (1992, reissued 1995); and Sarah Broadie, Ethics with Aristotle (1991).
Political theory
The standard discussion is E. Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle (1906, reissued 1959). Richard Kraut, Aristotle: Political Philosophy (2002), discusses the connection between Aristotle’s politics and his ethics. David Keyt and Fred D. Miller, A Companion to Aristotle’s Politics (1991), is a useful anthology.
Rhetoric and poetics
Recent work is collected in Amélie Oksenberg Rorty, Essays on Aristotle’s “Rhetoric” (1996), and Essays on Aristotle’s “Poetics” (1992). W.W. Fortenbaugh, Aristotle on Emotion: A Contribution to Philosophical Psychology, Rhetoric, Poetics, Politics, and Ethics, 2nd ed. (2002), discusses the psychological aspects of rhetoric. Martha C. Nussbaum, The Fragility of Goodness: Luck and Ethics in Greek Tragedy and Philosophy, rev. ed. (2001), is a wide-ranging and original study.
Major Works
Logic
The six works known collectively as the Organon are: Katēgoriai (Categories); Peri hermēneias (Latin trans., De interpretatione; Eng. trans., On Interpretation); Analytika protera (Prior Analytics); Analytika hystera (Posterior Analytics); Topika (Topics); and Peri sophistikōn elegchōn (Sophistical Refutations).
Biology and zoology
Peri ta zōa historiai (History of Animals); Peri zōōn moriōn (Parts of Animals); Peri zōōn kinēseōs (Movement of Animals); Peri poreias zōōn (Progression of Animals); Peri zōōn geneseōs (Generation of Animals); Peri makrobiotētos kai brachybiotētos (On Length and Shortness of Life); Peri neotētos kai gērōs (On Youth and Old Age); Peri zōēs kai thanatou (On Life and Death); Peri anapnoēs (On Respiration); and Peri pneumatos (spurious; On Breath).
Physics and metaphysics
Physikē (Physics); Peri ouranou (On the Heavens); Peri geneseōs kai phthoras (On Generation and Corruption; On Coming to Be and Passing Away); Meteōrologika (Meteorology); Peri kosmou (spurious; Latin trans., De mundo; Eng. trans., On the Universe); and Ta meta ta physika (Metaphysics).
Psychology and philosophy of mind
Peri psychēs (Latin trans., De anima; Eng. trans., On the Soul); and the works collectively known as the Parva naturalia: Peri aisthēseōs (On the Senses and Their Objects; On Sense and Sensible Objects); Peri mnēmēs kai anamnēseōs (On Memory and Recollection); Peri hypnou kai egrēgorseōs (On Sleep and Waking); Peri enypniōn (On Dreams); and Peri tēs kath hypnon mantikēs (On Divination in Sleep; On Prophecy in Sleep).
Ethics
Ēthika Nikomacheia (Nicomachean Ethics); Ēthika Eudēmeia (Eudemian Ethics); Ēthika megala (spurious; Latin and Eng. trans., Magna moralia); and Peri aretōn kai kakiōn (spurious; On Virtues and Vices).
Political theory
Politika (Politics); Oikonomika (spurious; Economics); and Athēnaiōn politeia (incomplete; Constitution of Athens).
Rhetoric and poetics
Technē rhētorikē (Rhetoric); Rhētorikē pros Alexandron (spurious; Rhetoric to Alexander); and Peri poiētikēs (incomplete; Poetics).
Other works
These remain in the corpus but are believed by scholars to be falsely attributed to Aristotle: Peri chrōmatōn (On Colours); Peri akoustōn (On Things Heard); Physiognōmonika (Physiognomonics); Peri phytōn (On Plants); Peri thaumasiōn akousmatōn (On Marvellous Things Heard); Mēchanika (Mechanics); Problēmata (Problems); Peri atomōn grammōn (On Indivisible Lines); Anemōn theseis kai prosēgoriai (The Situations and Names of Winds); and Peri Melissou, peri Xenophanous, peri Gorgiou (On Melissus, Xenophanes, Gorgias).
Texts
The standard edition of the Greek text is the Berlin Academy edition, Aristotelis Opera, ed. by Immanuel Bekker, 5 vol. (1831–70, reissued 5 vol. in 4, 1960–61); and the standard edition of the fragments is Aristotelis qui Ferebantur Librorum Fragmenta, ed. by Valentin Rose (1870, reissued 1967). For most works these texts have been superseded by more-recent editions, notably by the volumes of the Teubner series, the Oxford Classical Text series, the Loeb Classical Library series (with English translations), and the Budé series (with French translations). The medieval Latin translations of Aristotle are printed in Aristoteles Latinus, ed. by L. Minio-Paluello, 2 vol. (1939–1955); and in Aristotelis opera cum Averrois commentaries, Venetiis, Apud Junctas, 1562–1574 (1962). In addition, there is much useful information of a textual nature in the early Greek commentaries, the most important of which have been published in Commentaria in Aristotelem Graeca, 23 vol. in 46 (1882–1909). An invaluable aid to the study of Aristotle is Hermann Bonitz, Index Aristotelicus, 2nd ed. (1870, reprinted 1955).
Numerous English translations of the major treatises are available. The standard complete edition is Jonathan Barnes (ed.), The Complete Works of Aristotle: The Revised Oxford Translation (1984, reissued 1995). Of the many editions of and commentaries on individual works, the following may be mentioned: J.L. Ackrill (trans.), Categories, and De interpretatione (1963, reprinted 1978); W.D. Ross (ed.), Prior and Posterior Analytics, new ed. (1965, reprinted 1980), and Physics (1936, reissued 1979); W. Charlton (trans.), Aristotle’s Physics: Books 1 & 2 (1970, reissued 1983); Edward Hussey (trans.), Aristotle’s Physics, Books III and IV (1983); Harold H. Joachim (ed.), Aristotle on Coming-to-Be and Passing-Away (De generatione et corruptione) (1922, reprinted 1982); C.J.F. Williams (trans.), Aristotle’s De generatione et corruptione (1982); R.D. Hicks (trans.), De anima (1907, reissued 1991); W.D. Ross (ed.), Parva naturalia (1955, reissued 2000); G.R.T. Ross (trans.), De sensu and De memoria (1906, reprinted 1973); Richard Sorabji, Aristotle on Memory, 2nd ed. (2004); D.M. Balme (trans.), Aristotle’s De partibus animalium I; and, De generatione animalium I (1972, reissued 1992); Martha Craven Nussbaum (trans.), Aristotle’s De motu animalium (1978, reissued 1985); W.D. Ross (ed.), Metaphysics (1924, reprinted 1997); Christopher Kirwan (trans.), Metaphysics, 2nd ed. (1993), Books 4–6; Myles Burnyeat (ed.), Notes on Book Zeta of Aristotle’s Metaphysics (1979), and Notes on Books Eta and Theta of Aristotle’s Metaphysics (1984); Julia Annas (trans.), Aristotle’s Metaphysics (1976, reissued 1988), Books 13–14; J.A. Stewart, Notes on the Nicomachean Ethics of Aristotle, 2 vol. (1892, reissued 1999); Michael Woods (trans.), Eudemian Ethics: Books I, II, VIII, 2nd ed. (1992); W.L. Newman (ed.), The Politics of Aristotle, 4 vol. (1887–1902, reissued 2000); Richard Robinson (trans.), Politics, Books III and IV (1962, reprinted 1995); Edward Meredith Cope (ed.), The Rhetoric of Aristotle, 3 vol. (1877, reissued 1966); D.W. Lucas (ed.), Poetics (1968, reissued 1972); P.J. Rhodes (trans.), The Athenian Constitution (1984); and Ingemar Düring (ed.), Protrepticus: An Attempt at Reconstruction (1961).
Article Contributors
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Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
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| Invalidated site: Quatr.us - Who was Aristotle? | Nov 10, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Rebus Community - History of Applied Science and Technology - The Rise of Universities and the Discovery of Aristotle. | Jul 29, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Vision - Aristotle: The Man Who Knew Everything. | May 06, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Online Library of Liberty - Aristotle. | Mar 25, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: Heritage History - Aristotle (384322 B.C.). | Dec 30, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: The History of Economic Thought - Aristotle. | Nov 25, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: IOPscience - Journal of Physics: Conference series - Democritus and Aristotle: Are there atoms and empty space? (PDF). | Oct 02, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Gresham College - Aristotle. | Jul 26, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: BBC - You're Dead To Me - Aristotle: Ancient Greeces greatest philosopher? | Jun 11, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: ABC listen - Big Ideas - Aristotle: his life, legacy and ideas. | Apr 14, 2025 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Jan 13, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: United States Naval Academy - The Moral Virtues Aristotle. | Oct 07, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Virginia - Galileo and Einstein - Aristotle. | Sep 10, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Apr 23, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Washington - Introduction to Aristotle. | Mar 29, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Ethics Centre - Aristotle, the Ancient Greek Philosopher. | Jan 05, 2024 | ||
| Links added. | Nov 09, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Great Thinkers - Aristotle. | Nov 08, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Humanities LibreTexts - The Life of Aristotle. | Apr 24, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: World History Encyclopedia - Aristotle. | Nov 09, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Embryo Project Encyclopedia - Aristotle (384-322 BCE). | Aug 23, 2022 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Mar 02, 2021 | ||
| Bibliography revised and updated. | Mar 30, 2020 | ||
| Add new Web site: In2Greece - Biography of Aristotle. | Feb 09, 2018 | ||
| Added cross-references. | Jan 05, 2018 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jun 23, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and technology For Kids! - Aristotle Facts. | Jan 03, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Easy Science for Kids - Biography of Aristotle. | Dec 30, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Basics of Philosophy - Biography of Aristotle. | Dec 30, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: In2Greece - Biography of Aristotle. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: In2Greece - Biography of Aristotle. | Nov 04, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Aristotle. | Oct 28, 2014 | ||
| Replaced photograph. | Aug 20, 2014 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of California Museum of Paleontology - Biography of Aristotle. | Dec 23, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: The European Graduate School - Biography of Aristotle. | Oct 17, 2013 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Sep 30, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: In2Greece - Biography of Aristotle. | Feb 07, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Aristotle (384?322 bc): philosopher and scientist of ancient Greece. | Feb 07, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Aristotle. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Wolfram Research - Theory of Value. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Ancient Greece - Biography of Aristotle. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Indiana University - Biography of Aristotle. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: ILoveIndia.com - Biography of Aristotle. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: NC State University - Biography of Aristotle. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Livius - Biography of Aristotle. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Wolfram Research - Eric Weisstein's World of Scientific Biography - Biography of Aristotle of Stagira. | Sep 26, 2011 | ||
| In the Travels section, deleted "About eight years after the death of Hermias" in the sentence concerning when Aristotle began tutoring Philip II's son. |
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Mar 25, 2011 | |
| Add new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Aristotle's Logic. | Feb 18, 2011 | ||
| In the discussion of theoretical sciences, added "physics, mathematics, and theology." |
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Nov 23, 2010 | |
| Add new Web site: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Aristotle. | Aug 16, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: Aristotle - His Life, Time, and Work. | Jul 29, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: Aristotle - His Life, Time, and Work. | Jul 29, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: Aristotle - His Life, Time, and Work. | Jul 29, 2010 | ||
| Add new Web site: Aristotle - His Life, Time, and Work. | Jul 29, 2010 | ||
| Media added. | May 25, 2010 | ||
| Media added. | May 19, 2010 | ||
| handled for the cross-ref removal 1 cluster | Nov 05, 2009 | ||
| Media added. | Oct 29, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Biography of Aristotle. | Apr 29, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Strange Science - Biography of Aristotle. | Apr 16, 2009 | ||
| Changed syllogism to: "Every Greek is human. No human is immortal. Therefore, no Greek is immortal." | Jan 15, 2009 | ||
| Added new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Aristotle's Logic. | Jun 10, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: Biographies of Life-Scientists - Aristoteles. | Apr 21, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: The Literary Encyclopedia - Biography of Aristotle. | May 24, 2007 | ||
| Added new Web site: MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive - Biography of Aristotle. |
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Nov 21, 2006 | |
| Added new Web site: The Catholic Encyclopedia - Aristotle. | Nov 06, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Aristotle's Psychology. | Nov 01, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Aristotle's Political Theory. | Nov 01, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Aristotle's Logic. | Nov 01, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Aristotle's Metaphysics. | Nov 01, 2006 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Jul 13, 2006 | ||
| Bibliography revised. | Jul 13, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of California Museum of Paleontology - Biography of Aristotle. | Jun 27, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of California Museum of Paleontology - Biography of Aristotle. | Jun 27, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of Washington - Introduction to Aristotle. | Jun 21, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Philosophy 320 - History of Ancient Philosophy. | Jun 16, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Philosophy 320 - History of Ancient Philosophy. | Jun 16, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy - Biography of Aristotle. | Jun 14, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Works of Aristotle. | Jun 08, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: Aristotle. | May 30, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Sep 15, 2000 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | May 27, 1999 |