Anna Seward

Anna Seward (born December 12, 1742, Eyam, Derbyshire, England—died March 25, 1809, Lichfield, Staffordshire) was an English poet, literary critic, and intellectual who attained fame and critical acclaim on both sides of the Atlantic with her poems Elegy on Captain Cook (1780) and Monody on Major André (1781). Seward fostered a close-knit network of friends and correspondents from across many areas of knowledge and culture, including Samuel Johnson, Erasmus Darwin, George Romney, Helen Maria Williams, the Ladies of Llangollen (Sarah Ponsonby and Eleanor Butler), Hester Lynch Piozzi, and Richard Lovell Edgeworth, as well as such members of the blooming Romantic movement as Robert Southey and Walter Scott.

Life

Seward’s family moved from Eyam to Lichfield in 1749 when her father, Thomas, was appointed canon of Lichfield Cathedral. A former chaplain and tutor of the son of the duke of Grafton, Thomas Seward was a clergyman and a man of letters who had authored The Female Right to Literature (1748) and coedited The Works of Beaumont and Fletcher (1750), but his literary career never took off. He instructed his daughters Anna and Sarah in theology, mathematics, reading, and writing and fostered in them an attachment to literature. Elizabeth Hunter, their mother, came from a prosperous family; her father had been the master of the Lichfield Grammar School, which Samuel Johnson, David Garrick, and Joseph Addison attended. The Sewards quickly mingled with their local community and soon became central to Lichfield’s lively scene. In 1754 they moved into the Bishop’s Palace, where they hosted gatherings amid an atmosphere congenial to intellectual discussion. These meetings were attended by Lichfield’s most influential neighbours, people of letters and science ranging from Johnson and Piozzi to Erasmus Darwin and Josiah Wedgwood. Richard Lovell Edgeworth described the Sewards’ gatherings as “the resort of every person in that neighbourhood who had any taste for letters. Every stranger, who came well recommended to Lichfield, brought letters to the palace.”

In this stimulating community, young Anna Seward thrived. Nancy, as her parents called her, reportedly could recite John Milton’s poetry from memory at the age of three. She was a voracious reader and an enthusiastic writer, talented and curious, eliciting the interest of many in her family’s gatherings, among whom was Darwin, who encouraged her writing from a young age. Around this early period (1756–57), Seward met John Saville and Honora Sneyd, who would become two of the most important people in her life. Saville, a married man who was a vicar choral in the cathedral, taught her harpsichord and shared her interest in music. Their friendship elicited rumours of impropriety, which they vehemently denied. They travelled together to music festivals where he performed, and Seward took financial care of him and his daughter Elizabeth in his last years. Honora Sneyd was taken in by the Sewards when she was five. Anna and Honora, always close, became very attached to each other when Anna’s younger sister Sarah died in 1764, but their relationship came to an impasse in 1773 when Honora married Edgeworth. She moved with him to Ireland, where she bore two children and brought up her four stepchildren, including the author Maria Edgeworth. Her absence caused Anna insurmountable pain, as recorded in her poems and letters.

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The year 1780 was a critical and distressing year in Anna Seward’s life. A series of tragedies followed in quick succession: in April, Honora died, as did Elizabeth Seward that summer. In addition, Thomas Seward suffered his first stroke, rendering him an invalid and in his daughter’s care. In a state of anxiety and grief, she became the manager of his financial affairs as well as of the Seward household. Moreover, she took over her parents’ role as hosts. In her provincial salon she cultivated friendships, and in her vast epistolary record she wove a network of writers, scientists, and artists. She travelled around England and Wales, often following medical advice for her various illnesses, and fostered friendships and collaborations wherever she went.

Seward never married, and she was able to support herself and others through her inheritance and commercial earnings. This financial stability continued throughout her life, and she was able to leave a generous legacy to her friends and family in a will and testament that ran to some 20 pages.

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A Study of Poetry

Works

Seward’s first work, apart from the occasional poem, was a sentimental fictional epistolary journal to an imaginary friend, Emma, written from 1762 to 1768. It was published posthumously. Seward’s juvenilia draws from the classical poetic modes she grew up reading: songs and short pastoral poems that are mainly imitations, though they develop into more nuanced poems of sensibility, such as the ones she presented at Lady Miller’s Batheaston assemblies in 1775–81. Seward chose to make her debut in print among Lady Miller’s coterie because she found appealing the standards of politeness upheld by its participants. Her compositions were well received, and she was awarded with the highest prize, a myrtle wreath, on three occasions.

Lady Miller’s assemblies constituted for Seward a transition from a more local and private mode of collaborative writing and manuscript circulation into publishing at a national level. In 1780 she began her lifelong collaboration with The Gentleman’s Magazine and published the political long poems Elegy on Captain Cook and, a year later, Monody on Major André, which were well received and established her reputation in Great Britain and the United States. Through her portrayal of James Cook and John André as national heroes, Seward shaped their lives and deaths into a narrative of patriotic heroism at a time of a British national identity crisis. She became, according to the scholar Claudia Kairoff, a “British muse, spokeswoman for national anguish, pride, and resolve.” Seward was hailed by her contemporaries as “th’immortal muse of Britain,” “our British Muse,” and “Queen Muse of Britain” and labelled “the most famous woman poet in England.”

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In the following years Seward published Louisa, a Poetical Novel, in Four Epistles (1784), an epistolary novel in verse that also achieved considerable success. Innovative and risky in its form, Louisa is inspired by and infused with the era’s cult of sensibility. She also authored two collections of poetry, Llangollen Vale, with Other Poems (1796) and Original Sonnets on Various Subjects; and Odes Paraphrased from Horace (1799), which together include 26 Horatian odes and a hundred Petrarchan sonnets following the model established by Milton. Seward asserts a literary lineage that reaches back to Milton and, at the same time, positions herself as one of the pioneers of the female-led sonnet revival in England called the “sonnet claim.” Charlotte Smith was another leader of this revival; Seward harshly criticized her for unoriginality and accused her of plagiarism, and her animosity toward Smith reflects Seward’s preoccupation with form and literary merit. The feud between Seward and Smith was hardly Seward’s only feud, the most notable other ones being the Benvolio controversy and the Weston debate. In the first she bickered with James Boswell over Johnson’s posthumous reputation. The second was a dispute over the literary superiority of John Dryden over Alexander Pope during which Seward also defended the artistic quality of contemporary poetry. In both cases Seward used The Gentleman’s Magazine as a public platform and engaged many readers for and against each faction.

Seward’s works included prose and poetry on scientific themes, ranging from botany to astronomy. Her central role in the intellectual circles of Lichfield meant that she was very close to the founding members of the Lichfield Botanical Society and the Lunar Society of Birmingham, which included Erasmus Darwin, the subject of her Memoirs of the Life of Dr. Darwin, Chiefly During his Residence at Lichfield, with Anecdotes of his Friends and Criticisms on his Writings, which she published in 1804. Her biography combines literary criticism with anecdotes from their coterie. The main issue at play in Seward’s poetic incursions into scientific themes is the overlap between female education and science. Examples are “The Terrestrial Year,” inspired by a lecture on astronomy by Robert Evans Lloyd that Seward attended in 1800, in which she combines poetry and mythological themes with scientific theory; and “Verses Written in Dr. Darwin’s Botanic Garden” (1788). (In her Memoirs on Darwin, she claims, on three different occasions, that the preface to his The Botanic Garden was plagiarized from this poem. Moreover, she affirms that Darwin had previously published “Verses Written in Dr. Darwin’s Botanic Garden” under her name, albeit without her permission, in The Gentleman’s Magazine in 1783.) Moreover, although she publicly deemed botany a subject not appropriate for a female pen, she wrote several poems on it, including “To the Poppy,” on opium use; “The Backwardness of Spring Accounted for 1772,” an exploration of Linnean themes not intended for publication; and “Colebrook Dale,” a reflection on the destructive process of industrialization.

Seward’s last major work, not published until 2016, was Telemachus, an epic she was working on in 1798, when the first known mention of it appears in her letters; she never finished it. She drew on François Fénelon’s Les Aventures de Télémaque (1699), and she regarded Telemachus as superior to anything she had ever produced. Walter Scott never complied with Seward’s wish to see it published.