Anacreon

Anacreon (born c. 582 bce, Teos, Ionia [now Siğacık, Turkey]—died c. 485) was an ancient Greek lyric poet who wrote in the Ionic dialect. Only fragments of his verse have survived. The edition of Anacreon’s poetry known to later generations was probably prepared in Alexandria by Aristarchus in the 2nd century bce and divided into 9 or 10 books on the basis of metrical criteria.

Anacreon was born in one of the 12 cities that formed the Ionian League, established to forestall Persian invasion. After Teos was conquered by the Persians in 546 bce, he immigrated to the newly founded city of Abdera, on the coast of Thrace. He spent his working life largely at the courts of tyrants, who were important patrons of art and literature in the 6th century. The first of Anacreon’s patrons was Polycrates of Samos. After Polycrates was murdered by the Persians, Anacreon moved to Athens and wrote under the patronage of Hipparchus. Even after Hipparchus’s assassination in 514 bce, the poet continued to enjoy popularity in Athens, as is shown by his presence in works of art of the period. After Hipparchus’s death Anacreon may have moved to Thessaly. He may have died at Teos, where his tomb was said to have been found.

Anacreon wrote both serious and light poetry. A serious fragment on politics, for example, names the opponents of Polycrates. The poems quoted by later sources, however, are in praise of love, wine, and revelry. Anacreon’s treatment of these subjects is formal and elegant, since he disliked excess and vulgarity. His tone conveys ironic enjoyment, and his language and use of metre are smooth and simple but creative.

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Famous Poets and Poetic Form

From his erotic verse there survive striking images of beloved young men: the peaceful character of Megistes, the eyes of Cleobulus, the blond locks of the Thracian Smerdies. Girls also appear, such as the girl from Lesbos and a shy and subdued Thracian girl. (Both are probably hetairai [highly cultivated courtesans] attending a symposium.) For Anacreon, love is light, fantastic, and bizarre—but never dramatic—as shown in his various images of Eros. The poet recommends the same approach, joyous and carefree rather than licentious and violent, for the dinner party. As ancient critics had already observed, Anacreon’s poetry finds room for the same human types that would populate Greek mime and New Comedy, such as the nouveau riche rascal Artemon and the bald and tiresomely pretentious Alexis.

Anacreon’s poetic sentiments and style were widely imitated by Hellenistic and Byzantine Greek writers, though they tended to exaggerate the strain of drunken eroticism and frivolity present in his work. There thus arose the Anacreontea, a collection of about 60 short poems composed by post-Classical Greek writers at various dates and first published by French scholar-printer Henri II Estienne as the work of Anacreon in 1554. These had a great influence on Renaissance French poetry. The word Anacreontics was first used in England in 1656 by English poet and essayist Abraham Cowley to denote a verse metre supposedly used by the ancient Greek poet and consisting of seven or eight syllables with three or four main stresses. Anacreon himself, it should be noted, composed verse in a variety of Greek lyric metres. Robert Herrick, William Oldys, and William Shenstone wrote original Anacreontics in English, and Thomas Moore provided perhaps the finest translation of the Anacreontea in 1800, under the title Odes of Anacreon. The Anacreontea also influenced Italian and German literature. The Anacreontea and works by other significant ancient Greek and Roman writers have been published in the extensive Loeb Classical Library.