Allan Ramsay

Allan Ramsay (born October 15, 1686, Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Scotland—died January 7, 1758, Edinburgh) was a Scottish poet and literary antiquary who maintained national poetic traditions by writing Scots poetry and by preserving the work of earlier Scottish poets at a time when most Scottish writers had been Anglicized. He was admired by Robert Burns as a pioneer in the use of Scots in contemporary poetry.

Born in 1686 (although some sources say 1684 or 1685) in the mining village of Leadhills, Lanarkshire, Ramsay was the son of a lead mine manager who died when Allan was an infant. After his mother’s death, he settled in Edinburgh about 1700 and in 1701 became an apprentice wigmaker. Established in this respected craft, he married Christian Ross in 1712; the eldest of their children, also named Allan Ramsay, became a painter.

In the same year, he helped found the Easy Club, a Jacobite literary society. His pen names, first Isaac Bickerstaff and later Gawin Douglas, suggest both Augustan English and medieval Scottish influences. He soon established a reputation as a prolific composer of verse in both English and Scots, much of it modeled on classical styles and traditional metrical patterns, sometimes uneasily adapted to suit contemporary Edinburgh Neoclassical taste. He made considerable use of Scots in humorous and satirical verse; and, by collecting and publishing poems by Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and other late medieval Scottish writers, Ramsay, though no scholarly respecter of texts, made certain of their survival and indirectly gave impetus to more accurate editing of Scottish poetry and song later in the century.

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In 1721 Ramsay published a subscriber’s edition of his own poems, including several in mock-elegy style, and renderings in Scots of Horace’s Odes; a second volume appeared in 1728. An original pastoral comedy, The Gentle Shepherd (1725), gained much of its effect from the use of Scots. The appearance of John Gay’s The Beggar’s Opera (1728) encouraged him to turn The Gentle Shepherd into a ballad opera (1729). The Tea-table Miscellany (1724–37), The Ever Green (1724), and Scots Proverbs (1737) make up the bulk of his collection of old Scottish songs, poems, and wise sayings. Fables and Tales (1722–30) includes versions of the fables of Jean de La Fontaine and Antoine Houdar de La Motte in Scots.

After publication of the 1721 Poems, Ramsay changed from wigmaker to bookseller, and his shop became a meeting place for both townspeople and visitors. He founded Britain’s first circulating library (1726); the Academy of St. Luke, for instruction in painting and drawing (1729); and a theater (1736–39), eventually closed by extremists in the Church of Scotland presbytery, who found legal justification in the 1737 Licensing Act. He retired in 1740 but remained active until his death.