Albert Einstein: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
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- biological development
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- cosmologyThe cosmological expansion
- cosmologyFinite or infinite?
- cosmologyEinsteinās model
- Machās principle
- cosmological constant
- universeHubbleās research on extragalactic systems
- gravitational waveTheory and sources
- International Rescue Committee
- Manhattan ProjectCreation of the U.S. atomic weapons program
- 20th-century international relationsScience and technology in wartime
- photochemical reactionHistory
- foundations of mathematicsRiemannian geometry
- tensor analysis
- relativity
- Philosophy of physicsThe special theory of relativity
- astronomyEinstein develops the theory
- electromagnetismSpecial theory of relativity
- dark energy
- subatomic particleGravity
- gravitational microlensing
- Lorentz-FitzGerald contraction
- eclipseSupport for the general theory of relativity
- relativistic mechanicsDevelopment of the special theory of relativity
- timeRelativistic effects
- Brownian motionEinsteinās theory of Brownian motion
- probability theoryBrownian motion process
- mechanicsRelative motion
- string theory
- unified field theory
Additional Reading
Albert Einstein and Sigmund Freud, Why War?, trans. from German by Stuart Gilbert (1933, reissued 1991), contains the authorsā correspondence on the subject of war. Albert Einstein, The World As I See It, trans. from German by Alan Harris (1934, reissued 2000), and Out of My Later Years, rev. ed. (1996), collect some of the authorās essays.
Studies of Einsteinās life include Philipp Frank, Einstein: His Life and Times, ed. by Shuichi Kusaka, trans. from German by George Rosen (1947, reprinted 2002), a scientific biography focusing on Einsteinās early life and achievement; Ronald W. Clark, Einstein: The Life and Times (1971, reissued 1999), a distinguished, definitive, and well-illustrated work; Banesh Hoffman and Helen Dukas, Albert Einstein: Creator and Rebel (1972, reissued 1986), a significant biography, laced with a thorough but exciting interpretation of Einsteinās scientific work; and Kenji Sugimoto, Albert Einstein: A Photographic Biography, trans. from German by Barbara Harshav (1989), containing hundreds of photographs, drawings, and documents. Some recent works that have delved deeper into Einsteinās personal relationships include Roger Highfield and Paul Carter, The Private Lives of Albert Einstein (1994); Abraham Pais, Einstein Lived Here (1994); Denis Brian, Einstein: A Life (1996); Albrecht Folsing, Albert Einstein (1997); and Dennis Overbye, Einstein in Love: A Scientific Romance (2000, reissued 2003).
Studies of Einsteinās impact on science and philosophy include Paul Arthur Schilpp (ed.), Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, 3rd rev. ed. (1988), vol. 7 of The Library of Living Philosophers; Abraham Pais, āSubtle is the Lordā¦ā: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein (1982, reissued 2005); and Michio Kaku, Einsteinās Cosmos: How Albert Einsteinās Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time (2004).
John Stachel et al. (eds.), The Collected Papers of Albert Einstein (1987ā ), contains all of Einsteinās papers, notes, and letters, with companion translation volumes. Helen Dukas and Banesh Hoffman (eds.), Albert Einstein, the Human Side: New Glimpses from His Archives (1979, reissued 1989), samples the letters of Einstein to provide a good introduction to his personality and thought. Alice Calaprice (ed.), The Expanded Quotable Einstein (2000, reissued 2005), contains a large sample of Einsteinās stated opinions on a highly diverse range of topics. A.P. French (ed.), Einstein: A Centenary Volume (1979), is a collection of essays, reminiscences, illustrations, and quotations written for a general audience.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Contributors
- Andreas Eckner
- Jordyn J.
- Lathikka Niriella
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
- Barbara A. Schreiber
- Vivek Abhinav
- Adam Augustyn
- Encyclopaedia Britannica
- Yamini Chauhan
- Alison Eldridge
- Erik Gregersen
- John Higgins
- William L. Hosch
- Robert Lewis
- Gloria Lotha
- John M. Cunningham
- John P. Rafferty
- Richard Pallardy
- Chelsey Parrott-Sheffer
- Emily Rodriguez
- Marco Sampaolo
- Gaurav Shukla
- Shiveta Singh
- Surabhi Sinha
- Amy Tikkanen
- Grace Young
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Added Einstein's age when he died. | Nov 04, 2026 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | Nov 03, 2026 | ||
| Invalidated site: Indian Academy of Sciences - Einstein and the Special Theory of Relativity. | Sep 28, 2026 | ||
| Article revised and updated. | May 08, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Apr 14, 2026 | ||
| Anniversary information added. | Mar 10, 2026 | ||
| Questions and answers added. | Feb 13, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: Indian Academy of Sciences - Einstein and the Special Theory of Relativity. | Nov 05, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: LiveScience - Albert Einstein: Biography, facts and impact on science. | Aug 21, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign - Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering - Werner Heisenberg and Albert Einstein. | Aug 20, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Digital Commons at CalPoly - EinsteinĀs 1935 Derivation of Eļæ½mc2. | May 06, 2024 | ||
| First paragraph modernization. | Apr 22, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: The MY HERO Project - Albert Einstein. | Dec 06, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: American Museum of Natural History - Albert Einstein. | Sep 04, 2023 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 17, 2023 | ||
| Link added. | Jun 08, 2023 | ||
| Link added. | Jan 11, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Institute for Advanced Study - Albert Einstein: In Brief. | Jan 02, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Space.com - Albert Einstein: His life, theories and impact on science. | Oct 18, 2022 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 30, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Famous Scientists - Albert Einstein. | Apr 01, 2022 | ||
| Removed media. | Dec 15, 2021 | ||
| Media added. | May 28, 2021 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Jan 08, 2021 | ||
| Added cross-references. | Jan 14, 2020 | ||
| Corrected cross-reference to Einstein's Britannica article on space-time. | Jan 23, 2018 | ||
| Changed title of the "Assessment" section to "Legacy." | Nov 15, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Einstein Online - Special relativity. | Sep 20, 2017 | ||
| Add new Web site: Einstein Online - Special relativity. | Sep 20, 2017 | ||
| Media added. | Mar 21, 2017 | ||
| Cross-references added. | Dec 16, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Cool Kid Facts - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Dec 07, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Science Kids - Fun Science and Technology for Kids - Albert Einstein Facts. | Dec 01, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Easy Science for Kids - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Dec 01, 2016 | ||
| Add new Web site: Stanford University - Gravity Probe B: Testing Einstein's Universe. | Jul 08, 2016 | ||
| Media added. | Jun 08, 2016 | ||
| Changed "Marcel Grossman" to "Marcel Grossmann." | Dec 21, 2015 | ||
| Removed cross-reference. | Oct 30, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Academy of Sciences - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Jun 07, 2015 | ||
| Add new Web site: Nobel Prize - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Jun 07, 2015 | ||
| Clarified details about the letter he sent to Franklin D. Roosevelt in 1939. |
|
Sep 19, 2014 | |
| Add new Web site: Vigyan Prasar Science Portal - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Mar 21, 2014 | ||
| Article revised. | Oct 17, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Iloveindia.com - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Jan 13, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Jan 13, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Atomarchive - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Jan 13, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Jewish Virtual Library - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Jan 13, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Princeton University - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Dec 06, 2012 | ||
| Added his sister's birth name, Maria. |
|
Nov 02, 2011 | |
| Added photograph. | Apr 25, 2011 | ||
| Section on General relativity modified to give fuller discussion of Einstein's 1915 Gƶttingen lectures, his relations with David Hilbert, the Einstein-Hilbert action, and the prediction of the precession of Mercury's perihelion. | Dec 17, 2010 | ||
| Added portrait of Einstein and image of him receiving his certificate of American citizenship. | Aug 26, 2010 | ||
| Added a missing space between "January" and "1902" in the section Independent scholar and special relativity. |
|
Apr 01, 2010 | |
| Added new Web site: Window To The Universe - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Apr 29, 2009 | ||
| Media added. | Jul 30, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive - Biography of Albert Einstein. | Apr 01, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: British Broadcasting Corporation - Biography of Albert Einstein. |
|
Apr 30, 2007 | |
| Bibliography revised. | Nov 10, 2006 | ||
| Article thoroughly revised. | Nov 10, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: PBS Online - Einstein's Big Idea. | Aug 18, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: TIME 100: Albert Einstein. | Jul 10, 2006 | ||
| Added new Web site: American Institute of Physics - Albert Einstein - Image and Impact. | Jul 10, 2006 | ||
| Article revised. | Mar 25, 2004 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |