Abdoulaye Wade

Abdoulaye Wade (born May 29, 1926, Kébémer, Senegal) was a lawyer and professor who was president of Senegal from 2000 to 2012.

Wade was educated in both Senegal and France, receiving a Ph.D. in law and economics from the Sorbonne (now part of the Universities of Paris I–XIII) in 1970. He practiced law in France for a few years and then returned to Senegal, where he became a professor and later dean of law and economics at the University of Dakar.

In 1974 Wade founded the Senegalese Democratic Party (Parti Démocratique Sénégalais; PDS) as an opposition party to Pres. Léopold Senghor’s Senegalese Progressive Union (Union Progressiste Sénégalaise; UPS), which was known as the Socialist Party (Parti Socialiste; PS) after 1976. The PDS became the centre of a fledgling opposition movement in the country, and through it Wade won a seat in the National Assembly in 1978. That same year he ran against Senghor in the presidential election, the first of his four unsuccessful bids for the presidency. His second bid was in 1983, against Senghor’s hand-picked successor, Abdou Diouf, who had replaced the elder statesman when he stepped down from the presidency in 1981. Wade’s third bid, also against Diouf, was in the tumultuous 1988 election. Several opposition parties, including Wade’s PDS, made allegations of widespread fraud regarding the manner in which the election was conducted. Significant civil unrest followed; in response, the government declared a state of emergency. Wade was imprisoned in the election’s aftermath but was subsequently pardoned, and as a conciliatory gesture Diouf offered him a position in the government. Wade accepted and spent a year and a half as a senior minister of state before resigning over his differences with Diouf’s policies. His fourth unsuccessful bid was in the 1993 presidential election. Later that year, Wade was arrested and charged with complicity in the murder of Babacar Sèye, the first vice president of the Constitutional Court. The next year he was arrested and charged with inciting a riot that occurred during an antigovernment demonstration; both charges were dismissed.

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After negotiations with the government, in 1995 Wade again joined Diouf’s cabinet but resigned in 1998 to prepare a fifth presidential bid. In the 2000 presidential election, Wade finished second behind Diouf, but since neither candidate received a majority of the votes, a runoff election followed. Wade secured an overwhelming majority of the votes in the runoff election, and Diouf gracefully conceded. A peaceful and democratic transfer of power followed, and Wade became the first non-PS president since Senegal’s independence in 1960.

Wade’s 2000 presidential victory occurred at a time when the Senegalese people were increasingly unhappy with the PS-led government. Capitalizing on this sentiment, Wade drew support from a coalition of opposition parties under the motto of “Sopi” (Wolof: “change”). In the 2001 legislative elections, Wade’s coalition scored a decisive victory, marking the first time since independence that the PS did not hold the majority of seats in the National Assembly. Prior to the elections, he had promoted a new constitution, which was overwhelmingly approved by voters in January 2001. Under the new constitution, the president’s term was reduced from seven to five years, effective in 2007.

Wade’s support within the PDS was threatened in 2005 by a growing rift between him and his former prime minister, Idrissa Seck, who was considered by many to be Wade’s likely successor. Wade had dismissed Seck in 2004, citing Seck’s inability to form a coalition government, but Seck and his supporters claimed it was because he presented a challenge to Wade’s leadership. Despite this issue, Wade was reelected president in 2007, easily defeating Seck and several other candidates. The next year, in a controversial move, the presidential term was extended and once again set at seven years, to take effect in 2012.

Wade’s second term saw the erosion of his popular support in the country, as many were disenchanted by the lack of progress in dealing with infrastructure problems, such as power shortages, and the rising cost of living. Wade also faced criticism for his decision to commission a enormous statue, which was unveiled during Senegal’s 50th independence anniversary celebration in April 2010. The 164-foot (50-metre) bronze statue evoked much controversy, with some of the most common complaints being the statue’s seminude figures, its $27 million cost, and Wade’s assertion that he should be able to take for himself about one-third of the revenue generated by visitors to the statue because creating it had been his idea.

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In June 2011 Wade drew more criticism for constitutional amendment proposals that had direct bearing on the office of the president. For presidential elections, Wade proposed that the percentage necessary to avoid a runoff be changed from 50 percent to 25 percent. That proposal evoked such a protest that Wade withdrew it on June 23. Another proposal—creating an elected vice presidential post and allowing the presidential and vice presidential candidates to run on the same ticket—was also dropped. Some thought that the latter proposal was intended to ensure that Wade’s son, Karim, would be placed in position to succeed him. Perhaps the biggest source of contention was the fact that Wade intended to stand in the 2012 election, as the 2001 constitution limited presidents to two terms. Wade argued that the two-term limit should not be applied retroactively to include his first term, which began in 2000. The country’s Constitutional Council agreed with him, ruling in late January 2012 that his bid for a third term was valid. News of the council’s decision drew much criticism, both at home and abroad, and spawned large demonstrations.

Undeterred, Wade stood in the February 26, 2012, presidential election. Amid a field of more than a dozen candidates, he received the most votes, winning almost 35 percent. Trailing behind him was former prime minister Macky Sall, who won almost 27 percent. Because Wade did not reach the 50 percent threshold to avoid a second round of voting, a runoff election between Wade and Sall was held on March 25. Early returns indicated an overwhelming victory for Sall, and Wade conceded defeat later that night. Results released in the following days showed that Wade had only obtained about 34 percent of the vote while Sall had won about 66 percent. Wade stepped down on April 2, 2012.