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Learn about this topic in these articles:

  • Kazakh literature
    / Kazakh literary tradition

    …types of professional bards: the jyrau and the aqyn. These were primarily—though not exclusively—male professions. The jyrau performed both the epic jyr and the didactic tolgau and terme. Prior to the later 18th century, when Kazakhs began to lose their political autonomy, jyraus were sometimes advisers to sultans and khans,…

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    …types of professional bards: the jyrau and the aqyn. These were primarily—though not exclusively—male professions. The jyrau performed both the epic jyr and the didactic tolgau and terme. Prior to the later 18th century, when Kazakhs began to lose their political autonomy, jyraus were sometimes advisers to sultans and khans,…

    Read More