dīwān al-ʿArab

The phrase "dīwān al-ʿarab" translates to "the register of the Arabs," highlighting the profound significance of poetry in Arab cultural heritage. From its earliest stages, Arabic poetry has served as a vital reflection of Arab identity, history, and future aspirations. The poet's role has been central, acting as a powerful verbal weapon in pre-Islamic times to praise tribal heroes and denigrate enemies. This tradition continued through the premodern period, with eulogies celebrating rulers and Islamic dominions, and into the modern era, where poets engage with prevailing political sentiments. In times of crisis, the poet's voice remains paramount in expressing the collective tragedies, anger, fears, and determination of the Arab people.123

The earliest examples of Arabic poetry emerged from the tribes of the Arabian Peninsula before the 7th century CE. Poetry performances were a potent tribal tool, used to inspire warriors, praise virtues, and mock adversaries. Elegies (marthiyyah) commemorated fallen heroes, with female poets like al-Khansāʾe notably contributing. Legendary poets such as ʿAntarah and Majnūn Laylā became figures around whom elaborate narratives developed. This oral tradition, passed down through generations, became a crucial linguistic precedent for the Qurʾān.1423

During the Islamic centuries, poetry flourished in the courts of rulers, though it rarely provided a sole livelihood. Panegyrics celebrating Islam and its leaders were common, often commissioned by authorities. Prominent figures, including caliphs and ministers, also contributed to the poetic tradition, alongside less formal, more private recitations. Modern Arabic poetry saw significant shifts after World War II, influenced by quests for independence and new literary stimuli, leading to innovative forms and a more "committed" approach to literature.12