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Body decoration encompasses a wide range of practices used to adorn the human form. These can be permanent, such as scarification, which among the Yoruba indicates lineage and for Nuba women can signify physiological milestones like menstruation or childbirth. Some scarification is purely for aesthetic patterns, as seen with the Tiv people of Nigeria.1

Semi-permanent alterations include regalia and heavily beaded ornaments, like those worn by Maasai women. Ephemeral decorations involve practices such as extensive body painting, particularly among young Nuba men to celebrate their vitality. Hairdressing can be for aesthetic reasons or to signal age status, as observed in East African pastoral groups. The Fulani people of Nigeria are noted for elaborate hairstyles and jewelry, especially during the Gerewol festival, a men's beauty contest. Across Africa, dress and jewelry are significant for aesthetic and social purposes. Historically, body decoration predates clothing, with early humans using shells, bones, and pebbles. The development of settled societies led to the discovery of metals like gold and precious stones, expanding the variety of ornaments created for all parts of the body.12

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