osteoglossomorph
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What are osteoglossomorph fish?
Osteoglossomorphs are considered a primitive group of bony fish with over 200 species across five families. They are unique because they use their tongue against their teeth when biting.
Osteoglossomorphs are divided into two orders:
* Osteoglossiformes This diverse group lives primarily in freshwater across Africa, Asia, South America, Australia, and tropical Pacific islands. Examples include the Arapaima, arowana, and butterfly fish.
* Hiodontiformes This order includes only two species, goldeye and mooneye, and are limited to North America.2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
Where are osteoglossomorph fish found in the world?
Osteoglossomorphs, considered a primitive group of bony fishes, are primarily found in freshwater environments across the globe. Specifically, osteoglossiforms inhabit Africa, Asia, South America, Australia, and tropical Pacific islands, with some entering brackish waters. Examples include the pirarucu in the Amazon and arowana in South America, southeastern Asia, Australia, and Africa. In contrast, hiodontiforms are limited to North America, represented by the goldeye and mooneye.
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What common species belong to the osteoglossomorph group?
Osteoglossomorphs are a group of primitive bony fish with over 200 species across five families. They are characterized by having well-developed teeth on their tongue and the bones of their mouth cavity.
Common species include:
* Arapaima ( A. gigas) Also known as pirarucu, it is found in South America and is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world.
* Arowana (Scleropages) These are found in South America, southeastern Asia, Australia, and Africa.
* Elephant-snout fishes (Mormyridae) and featherbacks (Notopteridae) These are found in Africa, Southeast Asia, and India.
* Goldeye (Hiodon alosides) and Mooneye (H. tergisus) These are limited to North America.4 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles. -
What are some unique physical features of osteoglossomorph fish?
Osteoglossomorphs, considered a primitive group of bony fishes, have unique physical features. They possess rudimentary caudal skeletons and lack intermuscular bones in their abdominal and anterior caudal regions. A defining characteristic is their use of the tongue against teeth on the roof of the mouth when biting.
Other distinguishing features include:
* Toothed jaws
* A well-developed swim bladder
* In some species, the swim bladder connects to the auditory region of the skull, potentially improving hearing
* Electrical organs in the tail musculature of Mormyridae and Gymnarchidae
* Unique swimming styles, such as using dorsal fins for propulsion or rigid-bodied swimming with long anal finsThese fishes inhabit diverse freshwater habitats, sometimes tolerating turbid or brackish waters.
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How do osteoglossomorph fish breathe and feed?
Osteoglossomorphs exhibit diverse feeding and breathing strategies. All have toothed jaws, but they are non-protrusible. Insectivorous species possess small mouths at the tip of a tubular snout for probing, while piscivores have larger mouths and short snouts.
Some osteoglossomorphs like Heterotis, Arapaima, and Pantodon can breathe air, allowing them to live in deoxygenated waters. Heterotis has unique structures above the gill arches that filter food particles drawn in with the respiratory current. A well-developed swim bladder is present in all osteoglossomorphs. In air-breathing species, the swim bladder is highly vascularized with a honeycombed inner surface.
They are unique among fishes because they use their tongue as the opposing surface for the teeth when they bite into food. Most osteoglossomorphs, except Heterotis, are carnivorous. Smaller species and young feed on insects and invertebrates, while larger ones consume fish. Heterotis filters microscopic plants and animals from the water.
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Why are osteoglossomorph fish important to their ecosystems and to humans?
Osteoglossomorphs, a primitive group of bony fish, have limited importance to humans, though some species are commercially fished for food in Africa, Asia, and South America.
Pacu fish, a type of osteoglossomorph, play an important role in their ecosystems by feeding on submerged and floating fruits and dispersing the seeds through defecation. For at least one palm species, Bactris glaucescens, this is the exclusive means of seed dispersal.
Additionally, the electric discharges that Mormyridae and Gymnarchidae produce help them to navigate, find prey, avoid predators, and communicate in the turbid waters they inhabit.
2 Britannica SourcesCreated from Britannica articles using AI. AI can make mistakes, so verify using Britannica articles.
osteoglossomorph, (superorder Osteoglossomorpha), any member of what is widely believed to be the most primitive group of bony fishes. This reputation stems from their rudimentary caudal skeleton and the lack of a set of intermuscular bones throughout the abdominal and anterior caudal regions of the body. Osteoglossomorphs are unique among fishes in that they use their tongue as the opposing surface for the teeth when they bite into food. They are divided into two orders, Osteoglossiformes and Hiodontiformes. Osteoglossiforms are a group of morphologically and biologically diverse forms primarily found in freshwater environments in Africa, Asia, South America, Australia, and islands of the tropical Pacific Ocean; however, a few osteoglossiform species enter slightly brackish water. In contrast, hiodontiforms occur only in North America and are probably the most primitive group of living osteoglossomorphs.
General features
Osteoglossomorphs include five extant families and more than 200 species. Although the group is of little importance to humans, certain osteoglossomorph species are sometimes sought commercially as food fishes in parts of Africa, Asia, and South America.
Osteoglossiforms are tropical fishes. The families Mormyridae (elephant-snout fishes, mormyrs) and Gymnarchidae are confined to Africa; the Notopteridae (featherbacks) occur in Africa, Southeast Asia, and India. The distribution of the Osteoglossidae (such as the pirarucu [Arapaima], the arowana [Scleropages], and the butterfly fish [Pantodon]) in Africa, South America, and Australasia (believed by many authorities to have once been joined as a single landmass called Gondwana) is of particular zoogeographical interest.
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The pirarucu of the Amazon (A. gigas), one of the world’s largest freshwater fishes, attains a length of 3 metres (about 10 feet); other osteoglossomorphs—for example, certain mormyrids—are only a few centimetres long.
In contrast, the hiodontiforms are limited to North America and are represented by only two species—the goldeye (Hiodon alosides) and the mooneye (H. tergisus). Mooneyes may grow to lengths of 42.5 cm (17 inches).
Natural history
Life cycle and reproduction
A variety of breeding habits have evolved among the osteoglossomorphs. In some species there is considerable care of the young by the parents. Although no species is known to undertake extensive breeding migrations, many leave the usual habitat and move into floodplains or streams at breeding time.
The breeding biology of the mormyrids has been little studied; it does not seem likely, however, that they prepare spawning nests or exercise much parental care. In contrast, Gymnarchus niloticus (Gymnarchidae) prepares a large floating nest from the matted stems of swamp grasses, biting off the stems and fashioning them into a trough-shaped structure with an internal length of about 50 cm (20 inches). Spawning takes place in the nest, and one or both parents guard the developing young for approximately 18 days.
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Nests are not made by notopterids, but they do establish a breeding territory. Both Hiodon species (goldeye and mooneye) spawn in the spring. Eggs are laid on gravel or rocks in shallow, quiet water, which the adults reached after a short migration. The young of the goldeye remain there until late summer before migrating downstream. In Chitala chitala (Notopteridae), one parent, probably the male, clears an area of the bottom near some submerged object (such as a rock, plant stem, or piling), on which the eggs are later laid in circular bands; the male guards the developing embryos.
Members of the Osteoglossidae care for their young in a variety of ways. The South American arawana (Osteoglossum bicirrhosum) and its Indo-Australian relatives, the spotted bonytongue (Scleropages leichardti) and the arowana (S. formosus), carry the eggs and young in the mouth of one parent; little else is known of their breeding habits. The African arowana (Heterotis niloticus) prepares a crude nest from grasses in newly flooded swamp plains. The male guards the young and leads them from the nest on feeding excursions. Both sexes of Arapaima gigas of South America dig a spawning pit and guard the developing embryos, which hatch and leave the pit after about seven days; care is provided by the male, around whose head the young congregate. The dark colour of the male’s head seems to provide good camouflage. This colour is the chief stimulus for forming shoals—that is, groups or schools. Apparently, there is also a gustatory (taste) or olfactory (smell) stimulus in a secretion from glands on the male’s head. Parent-young groups persist for two to three months; if the male dies, the young join other shoals.
Spawnings in aquaria suggest that the African butterfly fish (Pantodon) of family Pantodontidae produces floating eggs and provides minimal parental care. A complicated courtship in this species has also been observed.