groundfish

Groundfish are bottom-dwelling fish, often of commercial importance, such as cod, haddock, pollack, and flounder. Flatfish, a type of groundfish, have flattened bodies and both eyes on one side of their head, allowing them to rest on the seafloor. They can change color to blend with their surroundings.12

Commercial fishing has evolved significantly, from hand gathering shellfish to large, mechanized fleets using advanced gear like purse seines and trawlers. While historically productive, many Atlantic fishing grounds are now considered overfished, with catches remaining constant or declining. In contrast, the Pacific Ocean yields substantial catches, with countries like Japan and Russia having the largest fisheries globally. Efforts to manage fisheries include establishing exclusive economic zones and implementing regulations, though challenges like illegal fishing and overexploitation persist.345