gasterosteiform: References & Edit History

Additional Reading

General works that provide an introduction to the gasterosteiforms include John D. McEachran and Janice D. Fechhelm, Fishes of the Gulf of Mexico, vol. 1 (1998); Gerald R. Allen and D. Ross Robertson, Fishes of the Tropical Eastern Pacific (1994); Gene S. Helfman, Bruce B. Collette, Douglas E. Facey, and Brian W. Bowen The Diversity of Fishes, 2nd ed. (2009); and Peter B. Moyle and Joseph J. Cech, Jr., Fishes: An Introduction to Ichthyology, 5th ed. (2004). More-detailed treatments of pipefishes and their allies can be found in John R. Paxton and William M. Eschmeyer (eds.), Encyclopaedia of Fishes, 2nd ed. (1998); and John Lythgoe and Gillian Lythgoe, Fishes of the Sea: The North Atlantic and Mediterranean (1992). An up-to-date review of seahorse biology, ecology, and conservation is presented in Sara A. Lourie, Amanda C.J. Vincent, and Heather J. Hall, Seahorses: An Identification Guide to the World’s Species and Their Conservation (2002). A modern classification of gasterosteiforms and other fishes can be found in Joseph S. Nelson, Terry C. Grande, and Mark V.H. Wilson, Fishes of the World, 5th ed. (2016); and in the online taxonomic database FishBase (2021).

Article Contributors

Primary Contributors

  • Elanor Bell
    Southern Ocean Research Partnership Coordinator, Australian Marine Mammal Centre, Hobart, Australia.
  • Amanda Vincent
  • Warren Zeiller
  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
    Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.

Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors

Article History

Type Description Contributor Date
Article revised and updated. Dec 07, 2021
Media added. Aug 11, 2017
Invalidated site: Zipcode Zoo - Gasterosteiformes. Apr 28, 2017
Five illustrations added. Apr 10, 2014
Add new Web site: Zipcode Zoo - Gasterosteiformes. Jan 09, 2012
Article revised and updated. Jul 08, 2009
Article revised and updated. Jun 03, 2009
Article added to new online database. Jul 26, 1999
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