- Also called:
- platyhelminth
- Related Topics:
- fluke
- tapeworm
- Monogenea
- turbellarian
- Microstomum
flatworm
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What is a flatworm?
Flatworms, belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, are typically soft-bodied, flattened invertebrates. Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical and lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems, as well as a body cavity.
Most flatworms are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs. Flatworms have three embryonic layers and a defined head region containing concentrated sense organs and nervous tissue.
The phylum consists of four classes: Trematoda (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms), Turbellaria (planarians), and Monogenea. Flatworms can be found wherever there is moisture, in both fresh and salt water, and occasionally in moist terrestrial habitats, especially in tropical and subtropical regions.
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Why are flatworms called invertebrates?
Flatworms are classified as invertebrates because they lack a vertebral column, or backbone. Invertebrates include a vast array of animal species, distinguished by the absence of a backbone. Flatworms, belonging to the phylum Platyhelminthes, are soft-bodied, usually flattened. Possessing no skeletal system, flatworms are grouped with other invertebrates such as insects, mollusks, and crustaceans. Despite their simple structure, flatworms exhibit bilateral symmetry and possess three embryonic layers, setting them apart from even simpler invertebrates like sponges.
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What does a flatworm look like?
Flatworms are invertebrates characterized by soft, slender, and elongated bodies, typically much flattened. Flatworms are bilaterally symmetrical, with similar right and left sides, and they lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems.
They also lack a body cavity. The body is unsegmented, and the space between organs is filled with spongy connective tissue. Flatworms range in size from less than 1 mm to over 30 m. Free-living flatworms can be found wherever there is moisture, while parasitic forms are confined to specific vertebrate hosts.
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Where do flatworms live?
Flatworms, or Platyhelminthes, are invertebrates that can be found worldwide in a variety of habitats. Except for the temnocephalids, flatworms have a cosmopolitan distribution.
Most Turbellaria species are free-living and adapted to diverse marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments. They can be found in coastal marine habitats, open seas, ponds, lakes, and rapidly flowing rivers and streams. Some species can tolerate extreme temperatures and osmotic changes. Terrestrial Turbellaria reside in soil, moist sand, leaf litter, and under rocks.
Parasitic flatworms, such as tapeworms and flukes, are cosmopolitan, and their distribution is closely related to that of their intermediate hosts, including mollusks, arthropods, and annelids.
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What do flatworms eat and how do they get their food?
Flatworms exhibit diverse feeding habits and mechanisms. Free-living flatworms, mainly carnivorous, capture prey using various complex feeding mechanisms. While encounters with prey are largely accidental, some species release mucus threads to ensnare their food.
Flatworms possess a pharynx, a muscular organ that can be extended through the mouth to capture prey. Flatworms consume protozoans and rotifers using a simple ciliated pharynx. Those with a muscular pharynx can thrust it through the integument of annelids and crustaceans to draw out internal body organs and fluids. Some flatworms with a more advanced pharynx can extend it over the captured prey until the animal is completely enveloped.
Digestion in flatworms is both extracellular and intracellular. Digestive enzymes mix with the food in the gut, reducing the size of the food particles, which are then engulfed by cells or absorbed.
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How do flatworms reproduce and why is this interesting to scientists?
Flatworms, as invertebrates, exhibit diverse reproductive strategies. Most flatworms are hermaphroditic, possessing both male and female reproductive organs. Reproduction can occur sexually through cross-fertilization or self-fertilization, with some species even engaging in hypodermic impregnation. Asexual reproduction through splitting is also observed in some species.
Scientists find flatworm reproduction interesting for several reasons. Flatworms have remarkable regeneration capabilities, able to regenerate entire heads and tails from cut sections. Studying their reproductive processes and regeneration mechanisms provides insights into tissue differentiation, stem cell biology, and evolutionary adaptations.
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flatworm, any of the phylum Platyhelminthes, a group of soft-bodied, usually much flattened invertebrates. A number of flatworm species are free-living, but about 80 percent of all flatworms are parasitic—i.e., living on or in another organism and securing nourishment from it. They are bilaterally symmetrical (i.e., the right and left sides are similar) and lack specialized respiratory, skeletal, and circulatory systems; no body cavity (coelom) is present. The body is not segmented; spongy connective tissue (mesenchyme) constitutes the so-called parenchyma and fills the space between organs. Flatworms are generally hermaphroditic—functional reproductive organs of both sexes occurring in one individual. Like other advanced multicellular animals, they possess three embryonic layers—endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm—and have a head region that contains concentrated sense organs and nervous tissue (brain). Most evidence, however, indicates that flatworms are very primitive compared with other invertebrates (such as the arthropods and annelids). Some modern evidence suggests that at least some flatworm species may be secondarily simplified from more complex ancestors.
The phylum consists of four classes: Trematoda (flukes), Cestoda (tapeworms), Turbellaria (planarians), and Monogenea. It should be noted that some authorities consider Monogenea, which contains the order Aspidogastrea, to be a subclass within the class Trematoda. Members of all classes except Turbellaria are parasitic during all or part of the life cycle. Most turbellarians are exclusively free-living forms. More than 20,000 flatworm species have been described.
General features
Importance
Although some platyhelminths (flatworms) are free-living and nondestructive, many other species (particularly the flukes and tapeworms) parasitize humans, domestic animals, or both. In Europe, Australia, and North and South America, tapeworm infestations of humans have been greatly reduced as a consequence of routine meat inspection. But where sanitation is poor and meat eaten undercooked, the incidence of tapeworm infestations is high. In the Baltic countries much of the population is infested with the broad tapeworm (Diphyllobothrium latum); in parts of the southern United States a small proportion of the population may be infested with the dwarf tapeworm (Hymenolepis nana). In Europe and the United States the beef tapeworm (Taenia saginata) is common because of the habit of eating undercooked steaks or other beef products.
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Parasites in immature stages (larvae) can cause serious damage to the host. A larval stage of the gid parasite of sheep (Multiceps multiceps) usually lodges in the sheep brain. Fluid-filled hydatid cysts (i.e., sacs containing many cells capable of developing into new individuals) of Echinococcus may occur almost anywhere in the body of sheep. In humans, hydatids of the liver, brain, or lung are often fatal. Infestation occurs only where people live in close association with dogs that have access to infested sheep for food.
Thirty-six or more fluke species have been reported as parasitic in humans. Endemic (local) centres of infection occur in virtually all countries, but widespread infections occur in the Far East, Africa, and tropical America. Many species are ingested as cysts, called metacercariae, in uncooked food—e.g., the lung fluke Paragonimus westermani found in crayfish and crabs, the intestinal flukes Heterophyes heterophyes and Metagonimus yokogawai and the liver fluke Opisthorchis sinensis in fish, and the intestinal fluke Fasciolopsis buski on plants. Free-swimming larvae (called cercariae) of blood flukes penetrate the human skin directly. In humans these parasites and others listed below cause much misery and death. Control of certain flukes through the eradication of their mollusk hosts has been attempted but without much success.
Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis) is a major human disease caused by three species of the genus Schistosoma, known collectively as blood flukes. Africa and western Asia (e.g., Iran, Iraq) are endemic centres for S. haematobium; S. mansoni also is found in these areas, as well as in the West Indies and South America. In the Far East, S. japonicum is the important blood fluke.
Among domestic animals, the sheep liver fluke (Fasciola hepatica) may cause debilitating and fatal epidemics (liver rot) in sheep. These animals become infected by eating metacercariae encysted on grass. Monogenea are common pests on fish in hatcheries and home aquariums.
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Size range
Most turbellarians are less than five millimetres (0.2 inch) long, and many are microscopic in size. The largest of this class are the planarians, which may reach 0.5 metre (about 20 inches) in length. Trematodes are mostly between about one and 10 millimetres (0.04 to 0.4 inch) long; members of some species, however, may grow to several centimetres. The smallest cestodes are about one millimetre (0.04 inch) long, but members of a few species exceed 15 metres (50 feet) in length. The Monogenea range in length from 0.5 to 30 millimetres (0.02 to 1.2 inches). Aspidogastrea are from a few millimetres to 100 millimetres in length.
Distribution and abundance
In general, free-living flatworms (the turbellarians) can occur wherever there is moisture. Except for the temnocephalids, flatworms are cosmopolitan in distribution. They occur in both fresh water and salt water and occasionally in moist terrestrial habitats, especially in tropical and subtropical regions. The temnocephalids, which are parasitic on freshwater crustaceans, occur primarily in Central and South America, Madagascar, New Zealand, Australia, and islands of the South Pacific.
Some flatworm species occupy a very wide range of habitats. One of the most cosmopolitan and most tolerant of different ecological conditions is the turbellarian Gyratrix hermaphroditus, which occurs in fresh water at elevations from sea level to 2,000 metres (6,500 feet) as well as in saltwater pools. Adult forms of parasitic flatworms are confined almost entirely to specific vertebrate hosts; the larval forms, however, occur in vertebrates and in invertebrates, especially in mollusks, arthropods (e.g., crabs), and annelids (e.g., marine polychaetes). They are cosmopolitan in distribution, but their occurrence is closely related to that of the intermediate host or hosts.