annelid: References & Edit History
More Articles On This Topic
- BioluminescenceThe range and variety of bioluminescent organisms
- PhysiologyTransport
- Circulatory systemAnnelida
- Endocrine systemPhylum Annelida
- ExcretionThe nephridia of annelids, nemertines, flatworms, and rotifers
- IntegumentAnnelids
- LocomotionFossorial invertebrates
- muscleWorms
- nervous systemAnnelids
- PhotoreceptionApposition eyes
- PhotoreceptionApposition eyes
- PhotoreceptionEvolution of eyes
- Animal reproductive systemAnnelids and mollusks
- Animal reproductive systemProvisions for the developing embryo
Additional Reading
General overviews of annelids can be found in R. Phillips Dales, Annelids, 2nd ed. (1967), a semipopular account; D.T. Anderson, Embryology and Phylogeny in Annelids and Arthropods (1973); P.J. Mill (ed.), Physiology of Annelids (1978), a review; Robert D. Barnes, Invertebrate Zoology, 4th ed. (1980), ch. 10, “The Annelids,” pp. 263–341; R.O. Brinkhurst, “Evolution in the Annelida,” Canadian Journal of Zoology, 60(5):1043–59 (1982), a summary of current scholarship; Donald J. Klemm (ed.), A Guide to the Freshwater Annelida (Polychaeta, Naidid and Tubificid Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea) of North America (1985), on ecology and taxonomy; and Vicki Pearse et al., Living Invertebrates (1987), ch. 16, “Annelid Body Plan,” and ch. 17, “A Diversity of Annelids,” pp. 387–437. For information on polychaetes, see Kristian Fauchald, The Polychaete Worms: Definitions and Keys to the Orders, Families, and Genera (1977); Kristian Fauchald and P.A. Jumars, “The Diet of Worms: A Study of Polychaete Feeding Guilds,” Oceanography and Marine Biology, 17:193–284 (1979); and Albrecht Fischer and Hans-Dieter Pfannenstiel (eds.), Polychaete Reproduction: Progress in Comparative Reproductive Biology (1984), a collection of symposium papers. For oligochaetes, see R.O. Brinkhurst and B.G.M. Jamieson, Aquatic Oligochaeta of the World (1971); C.A. Edwards and J.R. Lofty, Biology of Earthworms, 2nd ed. (1977); and O. Giere and O. Pfannkuche, “Biology and Ecology of Marine Oligochaeta: A Review,” Oceanography and Marine Biology, 20:173–308 (1982). See also the proceedings of three international symposia on aquatic oligochaete biology: R.O. Brinkhurst and David G. Cook (eds.), Aquatic Oligochaete Biology (1980); G. Bonomi and C. Erséus (eds.), Aquatic Oligochaeta (1984); and R.O. Brinkhurst and R.J. Diaz (eds.), Aquatic Oligochaeta (1987). For leeches, see Kenneth J. Muller, John G. Nicholls, and Gunther S. Stent (ed.), Neurobiology of the Leech (1981); and Roy T. Sawyer, Leech Biology and Behaviour, 3 vol. (1986), an extensive overview.
Article Contributors
Primary Contributors
Other Encyclopedia Britannica Contributors
Article History
| Type | Description | Contributor | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Modified link of Web site: University of Minnesota Libraries - Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives - Mollusks and Annelids. | Nov 07, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Minnesota Libraries - Introductory Biology: Evolutionary and Ecological Perspectives - Mollusks and Annelids. | May 07, 2026 | ||
| Add new Web site: UEN Digital Press with Pressbooks - Biology and the Citizen - Mollusks and Annelids. | Sep 16, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Canadian Encyclopedia - Annelida. | Mar 05, 2025 | ||
| Add new Web site: OpenEd CUNY - Superphylum Lophotrochozoa: Molluscs and Annelids. | Dec 26, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Digital Commons at Michigan Tech - Invertebrates: Annelids (PDF). | Oct 05, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Academia - The Origin of Annelids (PDF). | Aug 08, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: The Royal Society Publishing - Proceedings of the Royal Society B - The impact of fossil data on annelid phylogeny inferred from discrete morphological characters. | Jun 12, 2024 | ||
| Add new Web site: Nature Communications - Annelid adult cell type diversity and their pluripotent cellular origins. | Dec 20, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Khan Academy - Complex animals: Annelids & arthropods. | Nov 09, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: National Center for Biotechnology Information - PubMed Central - Phylogeny of Annelida (Lophotrochozoa): total-evidence analysis of morphology and six genes. | Sep 29, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa - Exploring Our Fluid Earth - Worms: Phyla Platyhelmintes, Nematoda, and Annelida. | Jun 12, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: The University of Hawaiʻi Pressbooks - Concepts of Zoology Hawaiʻi Edition - Annelids. | Jun 02, 2023 | ||
| Add new Web site: Encyclopedia of Arkansas - Annelids. | Jan 26, 2023 | ||
| Corrected display issue. | Aug 09, 2022 | ||
| Add new Web site: Animal Diversity Web - Annelida. | Dec 18, 2013 | ||
| Add new Web site: Fact Monster - Science - Annelida. | Jan 20, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Buzzle.com - Annelida. | Jan 20, 2011 | ||
| Add new Web site: Earth-Life Web Productions - Annelida. | Jan 20, 2011 | ||
| Added new Web site: BioMedia Associates - Annelids. | Jun 24, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: How Stuff Works - Animals - Annelid. | May 29, 2008 | ||
| Added new Web site: University of California, Berkeley: Museum of Paleontology - Introduction to the Annelida. | Jun 26, 2006 | ||
| Article added to new online database. | Jul 20, 1998 |