Which echinoderms live on rocky shores and how do they withstand waves?

Along rocky shores, starfishes and sea urchins are commonly found clinging to rocks. These animals have evolved specific adaptations to withstand the constant pounding of surf and waves in these high-energy environments.1

To survive these conditions, sea urchins possess particularly strong skeletons and well-developed tube feet that provide powerful attachment to hard substrates. This attachment is achieved through a combination of suction and the production of adhesive [mucus]. Furthermore, some sea urchins are capable of using their spines and teeth to burrow into the rock itself, which helps them remain secure in areas of severe wave and tidal action.123