Paranthropus robustus

4 mya) and Paranthropus robustus (1.8–1.5 mya) of South Africa do not differ markedly from those of A. afarensis. The locomotor skeleton of eastern African P. boisei (2.2–1.3 mya) is poorly known, but there is no reason to assume that it was different from other Paranthropus species. Bouri,…

Kromdraai, and Drimolen) of P. robustus are associated with open and even arid habitats, but these may not reflect its actual foraging preference.

5 mya are confirmed, P. robustus or H. ergaster would be the first fire keepers.

aethiopicus, P. robustus, and P. boisei). The species are often referred to as “robust australopiths” because of their relatively large facial features, jaws, and molars. Although many paleontologists consider these physical characteristics sufficiently distinct to warrant their divergence from Australopithecus, others claim that they are too…

Australopithecus robustus and A. boisei are also referred to as “robust” australopiths. In addition to a well-developed skull crest for the attachment of the temporalis (or temporal muscle, which is used in chewing), other specializations for strong chewing include huge…

…on the observations that the robust australopithecines may have been vegetarians for whom tool using would not have been of great advantage and that more advanced forms have several times been found sharing the site with the robust hominid. Oldowan tools appear to have spread outside of Africa, perhaps carried…