How do coyotes mark and defend their territories?

Coyotes are territorial animals that actively maintain and defend their home ranges, which typically span 10 to 40 square km (4 to 15 square miles). Both members of a breeding pair participate in the defense of their territory against other coyotes.1

To mark their boundaries and assert occupancy, coyotes utilize several methods:

• Scent Marking: Coyotes mark their territory using urine and feces.1
• Vocalizations: Howling serves as a primary auditory signal to warn other coyotes of their presence and indicate that an area is already occupied.21

When these signals are insufficient to deter intruders, coyotes may engage in more direct territorial behaviour, which can include chases and fighting to protect their space from incursions. This behavior is adaptive, as it helps ensure the pair can raise their young and hunt with reduced competition for food.3