Cuban crocodile

Cuban crocodile, (Crocodylus rhombifer), species of crocodile inhabiting freshwater swamps and streams of the Zapata Peninsula on the island of Cuba. The species has the smallest geographic range of all living crocodiles, and it is one of the most endangered crocodiles in the world.

Natural history

Cuban crocodiles have a distinctive appearance. The top of the body is generally dark colored, but the sides and tail are characterized by intermittent splotches and speckles of black and pale yellow, and the crocodile’s underside is lighter colored. The head anchors a short but broad snout, and a single bony ridge occurs behind each eye. With respect to other crocodile species, Cuban crocodiles are medium-sized. Although the largest individuals can grow up to 5 meters (16.4 feet) long, most are less than 3.5 meters (11.5 feet) long and average about 70–80 kg (154.3–176.4 pounds) in weight. Males are generally longer and heavier than females.

Although the species lives in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, it spends most of its time on land, where it is a capable walker, runner, and jumper. The crocodile can gallop at speeds of 24.1–35.4 km (15 to 22 miles) per hour, and adults have been observed leaping from the water to snatch birds and mammals from overhanging branches. Adults also eat fish, other reptiles (including turtles), and even larger ground-dwelling mammals (such as white-tailed deer, feral pigs, dogs, and rodents [including hutia]). Juveniles have more-modest diets, made up of smaller fish as well as invertebrates (such as crustaceans and insects). Cuban crocodiles are considered to be aggressive, and they have been known to attack people on rare occasions. Adults have few natural predators; however, eggs and hatchlings are eaten by various predatory vertebrates and even by older Cuban crocodiles (see also cannibalism, animal). By some estimates, these pressures, working in combination, claim the lives of some 99 percent of eggs and hatchlings in a given brood.

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Reproduction in Cuban crocodiles is not well known compared with that in other crocodile species. Cuban crocodiles have been thought to be polygynous (i.e., a single male mates with several females during a breeding season), but there is evidence that the species engages in a promiscuous mating system (a system without any sort of pair bonding). Breeding begins in late January, and eggs are deposited to coincide with the onset of the rainy season, in May. The female lays up to 60 eggs in a mound nest of vegetation that she constructs or in a burrow. If the eggs are incubated between 32 and 32.5 °C (89.6 and 90.5 °F), more males than females will be produced when the eggs hatch some 58–70 days later. Males and females become sexually mature between ages 6 and 7, and their life expectancy, while being less than 20 years in captivity, is thought to surpass 50 years in the wild.

Conservation status

The International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN) has noted the threatened status of the Cuban crocodile for decades, both as an endangered species (from 1982 to 2008) and as a critically endangered species (since 2008). Studies conducted in the early 2020s estimated the adult population to be 2,400 and reported that the population had declined by more than 80 percent since the middle of the 20th century as a result of several factors working in combination. The species’ small historical range, which once included Isla de la Juventud, has contracted by nearly half since the 20th century. (Brown caimans [Caiman crocodilus fuscus], which arrived on Isla de la Juventud in 1959, outcompeted Cuban crocodiles, thereby beginning a process that helped to eliminate the latter from the island.)

The Cuban crocodile’s remaining living space is threatened by habitat loss (primarily canal construction in the Zapata Swamp). Canalization has changed the ecological dynamics of the swamp by destroying habitat while also providing avenues for invasion by the American crocodile (Crocodylus acutus), which interbreeds with the Cuban crocodile, reducing the latter’s genetic distinctiveness in the wild. Cuban crocodiles have been exported to Cambodia and Vietnam, where they have been bred with estuarine crocodiles (C. porosus) and Siamese crocodiles (C. siamensis) on crocodile farms (the latter is a critically endangered species whose evolutionary uniqueness is also threatened by hybridization).

Furthermore, during the 20th century, Cuban crocodiles fell victim to Cuban leather manufacturing, for which hunters used the aforementioned canals to harvest thousands of the crocodiles from the Zapata Swamp. The animals also fell victim to subsistence hunting on Isla de la Juventud. Although hunting was outlawed in 1967, poaching has continued into the 21st century, whereby hunters supply crocodile meat to local restaurants. Moreover, loss of the Cuban crocodile’s lowland coastal habitat is expected to persist in the 21st century as sea levels continue to rise (see also global warming).

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