Know about the force of gravity which gives stones their shape
Learn how gravity dictates the shapes of stones.
© MinutePhysics (A Britannica Publishing Partner)
-
© MinutePhysics (A Britannica Publishing Partner)Is it ROYGBV or ROY G. BIV?
-
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Learn about phytoplankton's role as the oxygen-producing foundation of many marine food chains.
-
Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, MainzWhite sharks have been neither bred nor raised in captivity, and, thus, what biologists know about their habits and natural history has come only from direct observation in the wild.
-
Courtesy of Northwestern University (A Britannica Publishing Partner)Learn about the significance of gravitational waves in science and in everyday life.
-
© MinutePhysics (A Britannica Publishing Partner)Learn how the solar system, which formed from a roughly spherical cloud, became flat.
-
© MinutePhysics (A Britannica Publishing Partner)An experiment to demonstrate which is faster over 10 metres: the fastest sprinter in the world or an object pulled by gravity.
-
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Learn about the concept of gravitational force in Newton's theory of gravitation.
News •
Scientists Measure Gravitational Pull Between The Smallest Objects Yet in Quest For Quantum Gravity
• Nov. 11, 2026, 12:04 PM ET (ScienceAlert)
What Kills Schrödinger’s Cat? Scientists Just Ruled Out a 60-Year-Old Theory
• Oct. 19, 2026, 5:51 AM ET (SciTechDaily)
Transcript
Have you ever noticed that some rounded stones are almost spherical, while others are kind of flat like a bar of soap? The spherical stones form that way because they never have the chance to settle into a preferred orientation. They're either sloshing around in potholes, or rolling along the bottom of a river, or if they're small enough, getting blown around by the wind.
Since they have no preferred orientation, these stones get weathered the same amount on all sides. And they'll end up looking the same from all sides as well. That's spherical symmetry.
But for flat stones, even if they're a smooth disk perfect for skipping, there's obviously a preferred, or special, orientation-- the direction perpendicular to, or away from, the flat sides.
Where did this preference come from? And how do flat stones get flat? Gravity.
It's kind of like the difference between dumplings and biscuits. A dumpling is a lump of dough dropped in a pot of water. And gravity doesn't really affect its orientation very much when it's rolling and bobbing about.
A biscuit, on the other hand, is a lump of dough pulled down by gravity onto a baking sheet. So it tends to be flat and has a clear top and bottom.
And while the details are ultimately more complicated, when sedimentary rock forms, it forms layers. Or when stones too heavy to roll are worn down by abrasion at the bottom of a river or lake, they tend to be worn a bit flat. In both cases, the preferred direction is dictated by gravity.
And gravity is also why we build buildings in layers, with a basement, floors, and a roof. If we were in outer space without a preferred direction from gravity, we'd probably just live in blobs.
Since they have no preferred orientation, these stones get weathered the same amount on all sides. And they'll end up looking the same from all sides as well. That's spherical symmetry.
But for flat stones, even if they're a smooth disk perfect for skipping, there's obviously a preferred, or special, orientation-- the direction perpendicular to, or away from, the flat sides.
Where did this preference come from? And how do flat stones get flat? Gravity.
It's kind of like the difference between dumplings and biscuits. A dumpling is a lump of dough dropped in a pot of water. And gravity doesn't really affect its orientation very much when it's rolling and bobbing about.
A biscuit, on the other hand, is a lump of dough pulled down by gravity onto a baking sheet. So it tends to be flat and has a clear top and bottom.
And while the details are ultimately more complicated, when sedimentary rock forms, it forms layers. Or when stones too heavy to roll are worn down by abrasion at the bottom of a river or lake, they tend to be worn a bit flat. In both cases, the preferred direction is dictated by gravity.
And gravity is also why we build buildings in layers, with a basement, floors, and a roof. If we were in outer space without a preferred direction from gravity, we'd probably just live in blobs.
Last Modification: