The Origin of the Expression Walk to Canossa
Learn about the power struggle between Pope Gregory VII and King Henry IV of Germany, including the king's walk to Canossa.
Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, Mainz
-
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Think short-term vs. long-term.
-
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Learn why Franklin D. Roosevelt was the first U.S. president with an inauguration in January—and what a senator from Nebraska had to do with it.
-
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.Teddy Roosevelt's intervention in a 1902 coal miners' strike had a lasting impact on the American labor movement.
-
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.The video Medieval Theater: The Play of Abraham and Isaac depicts a family of traveling players performing The Play of Abraham and Isaac at an English estate in 1482. This video was produced in 1974 by The Movie Show Co., Inc., for Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation.
-
Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, MainzOverview of the German invasion of France and the Low Countries, 1940.
-
Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.The tensions and conflicts of the Middle Ages are conveyed through its architecture and through the writings of medieval Christians. The era's juxtaposition of mercy and cruelty, salvation and damnation, left its permanent mark on Western civilization. This 1969 video is a production of Encyclopædia Britannica Educational Corporation.
-
Contunico © ZDF Studios GmbH, MainzThe mysterious nature of bogs (moors), with a detailed discussion of bog bodies.
Transcript
NARRATOR: The German expression to walk to Canossa involves humbling oneself and asking a foe for forgiveness. The idiom's roots can be found in an 11th century power struggle between the pope and King Henry IV of Germany. Both have the power to name bishops and fill posts within the church. But who really is the ultimate authority, the pope or the king?
Henry renounces Gregory as a pope and calls for his resignation. The pope uses his powers of office to excommunicate the German king, who is duly thrown out of the church - the most severe punishment known in the Middle Ages. When the pope's messenger delivers the news, Henry is apoplectic with rage. The German king soon, however, comes to his senses. He wants to be emperor and knows that this can only be achieved with the pope's support. Henry learns that the pope is holed up in the fortress at Canossa in northern Italy. He devises a plan. Dressed in a penitential robe, Henry makes a pilgrimage through the Alps, sometimes crawling on hand and foot, before finally reaching Canossa Castle. Henry knows that if he succeeds in meeting the pope in person, the custom dictates that Gregory must forgive his arch enemy. For three days and nights, Henry humbly waits at the gates of the fortress. The walk to Canossa is about to reach its climax.
DR. VOLKER REINHARDT: "The walk to Canossa sent shockwaves through the European elite at the time. It changed the whole balance of power. It signified the humiliation of the king and was a considerable coup for the papacy."
NARRATOR: The pope cannot hold out any longer and reluctantly agrees to see his penitent subject. On the 28th of January, 1077, the castle gates are opened. The pope has been forced to back down and reinstate the king he had intended to crush. The pope displays his mercy for all to see, as ritual dictates. But Gregory is sharp enough to realize that Henry does not feel remorse. He's a politician who fights tooth and nail to regain the powers he has lost. Henry, too, realizes that the walk to Canossa is only the beginning of his fight. From now on, things will only get harder.
Henry renounces Gregory as a pope and calls for his resignation. The pope uses his powers of office to excommunicate the German king, who is duly thrown out of the church - the most severe punishment known in the Middle Ages. When the pope's messenger delivers the news, Henry is apoplectic with rage. The German king soon, however, comes to his senses. He wants to be emperor and knows that this can only be achieved with the pope's support. Henry learns that the pope is holed up in the fortress at Canossa in northern Italy. He devises a plan. Dressed in a penitential robe, Henry makes a pilgrimage through the Alps, sometimes crawling on hand and foot, before finally reaching Canossa Castle. Henry knows that if he succeeds in meeting the pope in person, the custom dictates that Gregory must forgive his arch enemy. For three days and nights, Henry humbly waits at the gates of the fortress. The walk to Canossa is about to reach its climax.
DR. VOLKER REINHARDT: "The walk to Canossa sent shockwaves through the European elite at the time. It changed the whole balance of power. It signified the humiliation of the king and was a considerable coup for the papacy."
NARRATOR: The pope cannot hold out any longer and reluctantly agrees to see his penitent subject. On the 28th of January, 1077, the castle gates are opened. The pope has been forced to back down and reinstate the king he had intended to crush. The pope displays his mercy for all to see, as ritual dictates. But Gregory is sharp enough to realize that Henry does not feel remorse. He's a politician who fights tooth and nail to regain the powers he has lost. Henry, too, realizes that the walk to Canossa is only the beginning of his fight. From now on, things will only get harder.