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the Five Ways, in the philosophy of religion, the five arguments proposed by St. Thomas Aquinas (1224/25–1274) as demonstrations of the existence of God. Aquinas developed a theological system that synthesized Western Christian (and predominantly Roman Catholic) theology with the philosophy of the ancient Greek thinker Aristotle (384–322 bce), particularly as it had been interpreted by Aristotle’s later Islamic commentators. In his Summa Theologica, which he intended as a primer for theology students, Aquinas devised...