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Women with an opinion on reproduction
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An antique anatomical illustration from the Encyclopaedia Britannica First Edition shows the female reproductive system, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, with labeled parts. Minoan Bull-Leaping Fresco from Knossos depicts three figures interacting with a leaping bull on a blue background, bordered by colorful geometric patterns. Nawal El Saadawi Portrait of Ruth Bader Ginsburg wearing glasses, a black judicial robe, and a white collar, with a dark background. Rigoberta Menchú Nadia Murad Basee Taha stands at a podium with the United Nations emblem, speaking at the UN high-level summit in New York City. Narges Mohammadi
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An antique anatomical illustration from the Encyclopaedia Britannica First Edition shows the female reproductive system, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, with labeled parts.
Female reproductive system in the first edition of the Encyclopӕdia Britannica Illustration of the female reproductive system, including the vagina, cervix, uterus, ovaries, and fallopian tubes, from the first edition of the Encylopӕdia Britannica (1768–71).

Women with an opinion on reproduction

Written by
Estela Morais Westphalen
Estela Morais Westphalen was an Editorial Intern for Encyclopaedia Britannica. Estela graduated from Brown University with a Master's in Public Affairs and a bachelor's degree magna cum laude...
Estela Morais Westphalen
Fact-checked by
Britannica Editors
Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree....
Britannica Editors
Last updated
•History

One woman cleverly evaded an arranged marriage at age 10 by discoloring her teeth. A dozen endured horrific violence at the foundation of modern gynecology. Others gifted each other with durable underwear to protect their bodily autonomy postmortem. In a nutshell (or an eggshell): Reproduction has meant many different things to many different women. Views on the role of childbirth, reproductive rights, sexuality, and the female body have fluctuated through time and place. In ancient...

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