Why were Sufi orders and dervish lodges closed in Turkey in 1925?

In 1925, the Turkish government under Mustafa Kemal Atat\u00fcrk outlawed Sufi orders and closed dervish lodges as part of a broader, state-led program of forced modernization and secularization.12

Political and social reformers in Turkey viewed these religious brotherhoods as strongholds of conservatism that hampered the development of a modern, secular society. By dismantling these institutions, the government sought to limit the influence of traditional religious structures and align the country with Western scientific and humanistic traditions. This action was one of several revolutionary reforms—including the abolition of the caliphate and the adoption of Western legal codes—intended to transition Turkey into a modern, secular republic. Despite the official ban, the influence of these mystical traditions has persisted in Turkish society, as many individuals continue to identify with the spiritual legacies of these orders.1234