Why was philosophy described as the handmaiden of theology during the Middle Ages?

During the Middle Ages, philosophy was described as the "handmaiden of theology" because it served as a tool to provide a rational understanding of Christian faith.1

In this historical context, medieval philosophy developed within the framework of faith, utilizing philosophical methods—initially those of Neoplatonism and later those of Aristotle—to illuminate the truths and mysteries of theology. By integrating the structures of rational activity into the study of revealed doctrine, philosophers were able to organize and elaborate upon religious concepts in a systematic way.12

This relationship was characterized by a fruitful cooperation where philosophy helped clarify faith, while faith inspired the development of new philosophical ideas. It was not until the end of the Middle Ages that this interplay began to dissolve, eventually leading to the cultivation of philosophy as an autonomous discipline independent of religious doctrine.1