Why is proportional representation common in countries with ethnic, linguistic, or religious divisions?

Proportional representation is frequently adopted in societies characterized by ethnic, linguistic, or religious divisions because it ensures that minority groups receive legislative representation proportionate to their electoral support.1

In contrast to majority or plurality systems—which often function on a "winner-take-all" basis that can effectively exclude or penalize minority interests—proportional representation seeks to create a legislative body that reflects the full diversity of opinion within the electorate. By allowing parties to win seats without needing a majority or plurality of the total vote, these systems prevent the sense of deprivation or restriction that can arise in divided societies when a single group consistently dominates the government.123

Ultimately, the choice of an electoral system reflects a nation's specific social and political circumstances; where deep-seated cleavages exist, proportional representation is viewed as a means to foster legitimacy by ensuring that various segments of the population have a voice in the governing process.13