Why has the growth of online communication raised concerns about identity and self-presentation?

The growth of online communication has raised significant concerns regarding identity and self-presentation due to the unique nature of computer-mediated communication (CMC) and the use of avatars.

Anonymity and Behavior

A primary concern stems from the physical anonymity afforded by online platforms. While this can have a socially equalizing effect by reducing prejudices based on physical characteristics, it also removes traditional social constraints. This environment can lead to deindividuation, where individuals may behave impulsively or antisocially, such as through trolling or flaming. Conversely, research suggests that anonymity can heighten the influence of group norms, causing individuals to express views that are more aligned with their specific online groups.12

Identity Representation

The use of avatars—visual representations of a user—further complicates self-presentation. Because avatars can range from accurate reflections of a user’s offline self to entirely fictitious personas, they allow for significant identity experimentation. This flexibility presents challenges, as the digital body can be subject to:2
* Social Consequences: An avatar’s appearance, such as its presented race or gender, can dictate how a user is treated by others.2
* Design Constraints: Users are often limited by the customization options provided by a platform, which may reinforce specific gendered or idealized norms.2

Ultimately, while online spaces offer new avenues for self-expression, they also create a complex disconnect between a user’s offline identity and their virtual presence.2