Why do historians question the idea that South Arabian settlers created early northern Ethiopian civilization?

While historical evidence confirms a significant cultural exchange between the Aksum kingdom and the Arabian Peninsula—evidenced by shared architectural styles, sculpture, and the use of a modified South Arabian alphabet for the Ge'ez language—the traditional scholarly theory that South Arabian immigrants were responsible for peopling and creating pre-Aksumite northern Ethiopian civilization is increasingly under siege by modern historians.12

The questioning of this narrative stems from a reevaluation of the nature of these interactions. Rather than a migration-based creation of civilization, current perspectives emphasize that the development of the region was a complex process involving local populations and indigenous growth, where cultural traits were exchanged through trade and contact rather than imposed by foreign settlers.12