Why did paramilitary groups grow in Colombia during the 1980s?

During the 1980s, paramilitary groups in Colombia grew significantly as a response to the ongoing internal conflict. These organizations, often referred to as self-defense groups, primarily emerged as a way for landowners to protect themselves against guerrilla insurgencies.12

The growth of these groups was facilitated by several factors:

• Government and Military Support: The Colombian army frequently provided training and equipment to these vigilante groups. Such organizations had been encouraged by the government since the 1960s and operated within the law during this period.12
• Escalating Violence: As guerrilla activity intensified, the perceived need for these paramilitary forces increased. By the late 1980s, these groups were responsible for a high number of deaths, contributing to a period of extreme violence in the country.12
• Drug Trafficking: The rise of powerful drug cartels further complicated the security landscape. While these cartels used terror to influence the government, the broader environment of pervasive violence—fueled by both narcotics trafficking and insurgent groups—created a climate where paramilitary organizations expanded their reach and influence.312