Why did Wang Mang's attempt to abolish private landownership fail?

Wang Mang’s attempt to abolish private landownership failed primarily because it conflicted with the interests of powerful, entrenched social groups. His efforts to distribute land more equally met with fierce resistance from large landholders, whose influence and wealth were directly threatened by these reforms.12

Furthermore, the implementation of his policies was undermined by systemic issues within the government. Corrupt officials frequently exploited loopholes in the proposed statutes for their own private gain, rendering the tax and land policies ineffective. Wang Mang’s rigid enforcement of these reforms, often without regard for the practical damage they caused, further alienated various segments of society, including merchants and commoners, whose economic stability was also harmed by his frequent currency reforms. These combined factors, alongside natural disasters and rising civil unrest, ultimately led to the collapse of his Xin dynasty and the restoration of the Han dynasty.12