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Why did Ptolemy XII Auletes borrow money and bribe Roman leaders?
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Ptolemaic dynasty
Head of a queen, marble sculpture possibly made in Egypt, Ptolemaic period (305–30 bce); in the Brooklyn Museum, New York. 14 × 12 × 11.5 cm.
Ptolemy XII Auletes engaged in extensive bribery and borrowed heavily from Roman moneylenders primarily to secure and maintain his throne, as his royal status was considered quasi-legitimate.1
Because his legitimacy was frequently challenged by political factions in Rome—who cited a questionable will suggesting Egypt should be bequeathed to the Roman people—Ptolemy XII relied on Roman support to prevent annexation. His actions included:1
- Securing Recognition: He bribed Roman consul Julius Caesar with 6,000 talents to pass a law formally acknowledging his kingship.1
- Maintaining Power: After being driven out of Egypt by his own people, he resided in Rome and used bribes to gain the favor of senators to facilitate his restoration.1
- Military Restoration: He promised 10,000 talents to the Roman proconsul Aulus Gabinius in exchange for the military support necessary to return to the throne in 55 BCE.1
These efforts to navigate the complex political landscape of the Roman Republic left the Egyptian treasury in significant financial distress.1