Why did Pope Lucius III require bishops to investigate heresy in 1184?

In 1184, Pope Lucius III required bishops to conduct judicial inquiries, or inquisitions, into heresy within their dioceses to repress and punish the growing number of dissenting movements that threatened the order of both clerical and lay society.123

During the 12th century, the church faced significant challenges from groups such as the Cathari and the Waldenses, whose teachings and ascetic lifestyles attracted many who were disillusioned by the perceived wealth and corruption of the church hierarchy. These movements were viewed as seditious because they publicly proclaimed beliefs contrary to sacred scripture and orthodox doctrine.43

By mandating these episcopal inquisitions at the Synod of Verona, Lucius III sought to activate strict disciplinary decrees and formalize the church's response to heresy. This action established the foundation for the medieval Inquisition, which decreed the excommunication of heretics and their protectors, ultimately transferring those who refused to recant to civil authorities for punishment.2