Why did Marx think capitalism would eventually be replaced by communism?

Karl Marx believed that capitalism would inevitably be replaced by communism due to the internal contradictions inherent in the capitalist system, a process rooted in his theory of historical materialism.

Marx argued that capitalism is a volatile system characterized by an "anarchy" of the market, leading to recurring crises of recessions and depressions. These crises, combined with the drive for profit, cause capital to concentrate in ever-larger firms, while the proletariat (working class) suffers from increasing unemployment, lower wages, and alienation.123

Because Marx believed that all economic value is created by human labor, he argued that capitalists exploit workers by appropriating surplus value as profit. As these contradictions intensify, the proletariat would develop class consciousness, recognizing that their interests are fundamentally opposed to those of the bourgeoisie. Marx predicted that this would culminate in a revolution, where the proletariat would seize the means of production, eventually leading to a classless communist society once the need for a state apparatus withers away.3415