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Why did Jewish messianic speculation grow after disasters affecting Jewish communities?

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Fresco The Last Judgment by Michelangelo covers the west wall of the Sistine Chapel, depicting Christ at the center surrounded by angels and human figures in dramatic poses. — eschatology The Second Coming as depicted in “The Last Judgment,” fresco by Michelangelo, 1536-41, on the west wall of the Sistine Chapel, Vatican Palace, Vatican City.

Jewish messianic speculation frequently intensified during periods of disaster, persecution, and national crisis because such events were often interpreted as precursors to the messianic age.12

Historically, Jewish messianism was rooted in the belief that God’s predetermined purpose could not be frustrated by human suffering. When communities faced harsh realities—such as the Babylonian Exile, the Roman destruction of the Second Temple, or the persecution under Antiochus IV Epiphanes—these catastrophes were viewed as signs of divine displeasure or the "birth pangs" of the end times.3124

In this context, apocalyptic literature, such as the Book of Daniel, emerged to provide hope to the faithful. It framed current turmoil as a necessary transition toward the ultimate triumph of God’s kingdom. Consequently, messianic movements often gained momentum during these times as a way to rationalize suffering, maintain communal identity, and express a steadfast faith in a future restoration, even when historical circumstances appeared bleak.352