Why did Edward L. Thorndike argue that psychology was essential to scientific teaching?

Edward L. Thorndike argued that psychology was essential to scientific teaching because he believed that the art of education should be grounded in empirical science, much like how agriculture relies on chemistry and botany.1

He posited that a comprehensive science of psychology could provide a complete understanding of human intellect, character, and behavior. By applying psychological principles, Thorndike believed educators could identify the causes of changes in human nature and predict the specific outcomes of various educational forces and interventions.1

His work emphasized the use of statistics and quantitative analysis to create a more efficient and scientifically grounded educational system. By formulating laws of learning—such as the law of effect—Thorndike sought to provide teachers with a reliable framework for understanding how students form behavioral responses and associations, thereby transforming pedagogy into a rigorous, evidence-based discipline.21