Why did Dewey think democratic institutions should be open to criticism and improvement?

John Dewey, a central figure in pragmatism, argued that democratic institutions should be open to constant criticism and improvement because they are not perfect, unchangeable creations of the past. Instead, he viewed democracy as a "mode of associated life" and a collaborative, experimental process.12

Dewey believed that as historical circumstances and the public interest evolve, institutions must be subject to revision to remain effective. Because he considered democratic norms and procedures to be fallible and experimental rather than absolute, he maintained that citizens must engage in critical inquiry and rational dialogue to solve common problems. By treating democratic participation as a form of "social intelligence," Dewey emphasized that society functions best when individuals are willing to revise their views and work cooperatively to promote human flourishing. Ultimately, he saw this ongoing process of improvement as essential for fostering the freedom necessary for individual growth and the pursuit of the common good.12