Why did Armenian writers create a modern standard language in the 19th century?

By the 19th century, a significant linguistic gap had developed between the traditional written language, Grabar (Classical Armenian), and the various spoken dialects of the Armenian people. Because Grabar had become increasingly difficult for the general population to understand, it was no longer an effective medium for communication, education, or the expression of new ideas.12

To address this, Armenian writers sought to create a modern standard language, known as Ashkharhabar, that would be comprehensible to all and suitable for use in schools. This movement was driven by a desire to modernize the language and provide a vehicle for contemporary thought, social aspirations, and national consciousness.123

The development of this modern standard resulted in two distinct literary varieties:
* Western Armenian: Based on the dialect of the Armenian community in Istanbul.12
* Eastern Armenian: Based on the dialects of Yerevan and Tbilisi.12

This transition allowed Armenian literature to flourish as a tool for moral, social, and political engagement during a period of rising national awareness.23