Why can bananas and pears be harvested before they are ripe?

Bananas and pears are harvested before they are fully ripe because they are capable of ripening satisfactorily after being removed from the plant. These fruits are often picked at a "mature-green" state to manage their perishable nature and facilitate transport.12

As climacteric fruits, bananas and pears continue to undergo significant metabolic changes after harvest, including increased respiration. The ripening process is driven by the production of ethylene, a natural gaseous hormone that signals the fruit to soften, change color, and develop its characteristic sweetness and aroma. By harvesting them while they are still firm and less susceptible to damage, growers can better control the ripening timeline, reduce postharvest losses, and ensure the fruit reaches the consumer in optimal condition.231