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Who has the burden of proving a carrier's negligence after an excepted cause damages goods?
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Carriage of goods
Justinian I, detail of a 6th-century mosaic at the Church of San Vitale, Ravenna, Italy.
When goods are damaged or lost due to an excepted cause, the carrier may still be held liable if they contributed to the loss through their own negligence or intentional misconduct. In such instances, the burden of proving the carrier's fault rests on the plaintiff.1