Which three main forms of anticlericalism appeared in modern European history?

In modern European history, three principal forms of anticlericalism have been identified, each rooted in different social and political motivations:

• Opposition to Clerical Privilege: Developing during the 18th century, this form was primarily directed against the often corrupt privileges and property rights held by the clergy under the system of feudalism.1
• Liberal Anticlericalism: Associated with the rise of liberalism, this movement criticized the clergy for their perceived servility to the monarchy and their alleged ignorance or resistance toward scientific thought.1
• Totalitarian Anticlericalism: Endorsed by certain totalitarian systems, this form viewed the clergy as a fundamental obstacle to the state, often framing them as being inherently opposed to the interests of the "nation," the "race," or a specific state-mandated ideology.1

These movements have historically sought to limit the influence of the clergy in political and social affairs, often leading to significant legislative changes regarding the separation of church and state.21