Which teaching activities did James Buchanan use at London’s infant school?

At the infant school established in London in 1818, James Buchanan implemented methods he had previously developed at Robert Owen’s institute in New Lanark. His teaching activities included the following:

• Physical exercises: He began lessons with simple gymnastic movements, arm exercises, and clapping, often accompanied by counting the movements.1
• Musical instruction: He utilized Watt’s Divine and Moral Songs and similar hymns, which the children sang to the accompaniment of his flute.1
• Verbal and academic lessons: He conducted viva voce (oral) lessons and taught arithmetical tables.1
• Object lessons: He provided simple object lessons designed to encourage children to observe, describe, and do most of the talking themselves.1