Which sources do scholars use to study Baltic religion?

Scholars study Baltic religion using four primary sources of data, each requiring specific methodological approaches:1

• Archaeological material: Since the late 19th century, this has provided evidence regarding burial and sacrificial rites, as well as the remains of sacred buildings. While meaningful, it offers only a partial picture of the religion.1
• Historical documents: These include records written by foreign observers, primarily Germans. Their utility is limited because these authors often lacked understanding of Baltic languages and viewed the religion through a biased, dogmatic Christian lens.1
• Linguistics: This includes the study of Baltic languages and toponymy (place-names). Linguistic evidence is often considered more reliable than historical texts because it shows fewer signs of foreign interpretation.1
• Folklore: This is the most extensive source, particularly in the form of dainas (short folk songs) and folktales. It is highly valued for preserving concepts that were lost elsewhere due to Christian influence.1

Researchers must exercise caution, as these sources often contain later Christian influences or reflect 19th-century national romanticism, which can lead to the misidentification of deities.1