Which religious traditions used Iranian languages in their sacred literature?

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Iranian languages have played a significant role in the sacred literature of several religious traditions. The primary religions that utilized these languages for their scriptures and religious texts include:

  • Zoroastrianism: This religion has the longest association with Iranian languages. Its sacred book, the Avesta, was composed in Avestan, an Old Iranian language. The oldest portions of this scripture, known as the Gāthās, are attributed to the prophet Zoroaster. Later, during the Middle Iranian period, Middle Persian (or Pahlavi) was used for extensive Zoroastrian religious writings.123456
  • Manichaeism: The followers of the prophet Mani utilized Middle Iranian languages, specifically Middle Persian, Parthian, and Sogdian, to record their religious texts.156
  • Buddhism: In Central Asia, particularly in regions like Hotan, Buddhist literature was written in the Iranian language known as Khotanese Saka. Additionally, Buddhist texts have been found in the Sogdian language.56
  • Christianity: Small communities of Sogdians also produced Christian literature in the Sogdian language.5