Which regions developed distinctive artistic traditions after becoming part of the Islamic world?

As the Islamic world expanded, it developed a tension between a general, pan-Islamic artistic vocabulary and the emergence of distinct local traditions. Several regions became centers for these unique developments:1

• Iraq: As the seat of the early empire, Iraq was a primary center for creative innovation. It was from here that a "visual koine"—a commonly understood system of forms—was derived and spread throughout the Islamic world.1
• Iran: Persian art is noted for its "national" character. During the Mongol period, Iranian artists adapted foreign influences, such as Chinese styles, to express intensely local subjects, creating a uniquely Persian style in painting and architecture.2
• The Ottoman Empire (Anatolia and the Balkans): Ottoman architecture, particularly in cities like Istanbul and Edirne, synthesized Islamic domical construction with Byzantine traditions and European influences, resulting in a distinctive style characterized by central-plan mosques and complex külliyes.3
• The Indian Subcontinent (Mughal Empire): Mughal art adapted Islamic functions to indigenous Indian forms. This resulted in a unique architectural style featuring red sandstone and marble, as well as a highly expressive, naturalistic tradition of Mughal painting.4
• Western Islamic World (North Africa and Spain): Regions such as Morocco and Spain developed distinct architectural styles, ranging from the austere, massive structures of the Almoravid and Almohad periods to the intricate, decorative brilliance of the Alhambra in Granada.5